BIO 111 LAB

1. Place the test tube on ice 2. transfer strawberry filtrate with a pipette to test tube 3. in a graduated cylinder, dissolve a spoonful of meat tenderizer into distilled water 4. add meat tenderizer solution to strawberry filtrate and let it reach for 10 mins 5. use pipette to add ice-cold 95% ethanol along inside of the tube to precipitate DNA

From the list below, order the steps of DNA isolation:

b) physically collect the DNA strands.

Glass rod a) causes DNA to precipitate (solidify and become visible) while preserving fragile hydrogen bonds, thus preventing damage to the strands. b) physically collect the DNA strands. c) has enzymes that degrade proteins, which then releases the DNA. d) emulsifies membrane lipids and proteins, keeping them from interacting with DNA.

c) type AB

A person who does not have A antibodies and B antibodies would have which blood type: a) type O b) type A c) type AB d) type B

a) type B- f) type O- g) type AB- h) type A-

A person with AB- blood type could receive blood transfusion from people with: a) type B- b) type B+ c) type A+ d) type O+ e) type AB+ f) type O- g) type AB- h) type A-

a) type O

A person with RBC without A antigens and B antigens would be: a) type O b) type A c) type AB d) type B

b) type A+ h) type AB+

A person with blood type A+ can donate to which blood types: a) type O b) type A+ c) type O- d) type B- e) type AB- f) type A- g) type A- h) type AB+ i) type B+

Match Donors to Recipient B+ Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

B+ Recipient: O+ O- B+ B-

Match Donors to Recipient B- Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

B- Recipient: O- B-

a) duration of feeding time b) latency to start eating

What is the dependent variable in this study? Choose any that apply. a) duration of feeding time b) latency to start eating c) individual lion identity d) time of food consumption e) location of consuming food

d) Ethidium bromide is needed to see DNA bands in the gel under ultra violet illumination by binding with the DNA.

What is the purpose of adding ethidium bromide to the agar gel before it is poured, when trying to successfully visualize DNA in gel electrophoresis? a) Ethidium bromide conducts electrical currents. b) Ethidium bromide helps with the proper separation of the bands. c) Ethidium bromide is needed to see DNA bands in the gel under ultra violet illumination by binding with the loading dye. d) Ethidium bromide is needed to see DNA bands in the gel under ultra violet illumination by binding with the DNA.

b) Sodium ions neutralize the negative change of DNA to facilitate precipitation, which helps DNA come out of solution.

What was the purpose of mixing cells with sodium chloride to form the strawberry filtrate? a) Sodium reacts with the meat tenderizer to break down proteins. b) Sodium ions neutralize the negative change of DNA to facilitate precipitation, which helps DNA come out of solution. c) Sodium emulsifies cell and nuclear membranes by disrupting phospholipid bilayer d) Sodium and ethanol form a protective barrier around hydrogen bonds in DNA.

anaerobic, lactic acid, oxidize NADH, NAD+ and ATP, carbon dioxide produced

Yeast cells produce ATP in a(n) --- process in which --- acts as an electron acceptor to --- , producing ----. To determine how rapidly yeast can ferment sugars, we would measure the amount of ---- over a set time.

Muscle cell of a sprinter at the end of a race... a) lactic acid fermentation Muscle cell of a napping cat.... b) aerobic cellular respiration Yeast inside rising bread dough.... d) alcoholic fermentation

Match the appropriate method of ATP production with the cell types listed below. Muscle cell of a sprinter at the end of a race... Muscle cell of a napping cat.... Yeast inside rising bread dough.... a) lactic acid fermentation b) aerobic cellular respiration c) acetaldehyde d) alcoholic fermenation

agglutination: a) clumping of cell bound antigens antibody: b) Protein that binds to strange molecules to aid the immune response antigen: c) Proteins, glycolipids, or glycoproteins that are capable to cause an immune reaction

Match the concept with the definition: agglutination: antibody: antigen: a) clumping of cell bound antigens b) Protein that binds to strange molecules to aid the immune response c) Proteins, glycolipids, or glycoproteins that are capable to cause an immune reaction

a) causes DNA to precipitate (solidify and become visible) while preserving fragile hydrogen bonds, thus preventing damage to the strands.

Match the reagent or tool used in DNA isolation with its purpose. Cold ethanol a) causes DNA to precipitate (solidify and become visible) while preserving fragile hydrogen bonds, thus preventing damage to the strands. b) physically collect the DNA strands. c) has enzymes that degrade proteins, which then releases the DNA. d) emulsifies membrane lipids and proteins, keeping them from interacting with DNA.

protease... a) breaks down proteins lactose... d) is a sugar amylase... b) breaks down starch enzymes... c) are catalysts

Match these sentence phrases so that they are ALL true. protease... lactose... amylase... enzymes... a) breaks down proteins b) breaks down starch c) are catalysts d) is a sugar

c) has enzymes that degrade proteins, which then releases the DNA.

Meat tenderizer a) causes DNA to precipitate (solidify and become visible) while preserving fragile hydrogen bonds, thus preventing damage to the strands. b) physically collect the DNA strands. c) has enzymes that degrade proteins, which then releases the DNA. d) emulsifies membrane lipids and proteins, keeping them from interacting with DNA.

Match Donors to Recipient A+ Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

A+ Recipient: O+ O- A+ A-

Match Donors to Recipient A- Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

A- Recipient: O- A-

Match Donors to Recipient AB+ Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

AB+ Recipient: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

Match Donors to Recipient AB- Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

AB- Recipient: O- A- B- AB-

Which of the following are possible genotypes for a person with blood type A? Select all that apply AO AB BO AA BB OO

AO AA

a) Mechanically chewing, which breaks down food and allows more interactions between the food and saliva b) Rugae within the stomach for acid production and mechanical stretch

According to the Crash Course video, how can humans (or other organisms) maximize surface area to aid in digestion? a) Mechanically chewing, which breaks down food and allows more interactions between the food and saliva b) Rugae within the stomach for acid production and mechanical stretch c) Villi and microvilli in the small and large intestine to increase absorption of water and nutrients d) all of the above

d) A theory is our best explanation for how and why something happens, and a law is a tool than can predict outcomes accurately but does not describe how or why it does so.

As discussed in the TED ed video, what is the difference between a scientific theory and a law? a) A scientific theory is a best guess for why something is occurring, and with enough testing can one day become a law. b) A scientific theory is just a law that hasn't been proven yet. c) A theory can accurately predict the outcomes of known starting values, but may not explain how or why while a law is our best explanation of how and why something occurs. d) A theory is our best explanation for how and why something happens, and a law is a tool than can predict outcomes accurately but does not describe how or why it does so.

b) This indicates different genotypes. c) This indicates different DNA fragment sizes between the samples.

At the end of running gel electrophoresis, the multiple DNA samples you ran for the same gene have bands in different positions. What does this result tell you? a) This indicates that all samples have the same length DNA fragments. b) This indicates different genotypes. c) This indicates different DNA fragment sizes between the samples. d) This indicates that a mistake was made during isolation of the DNA samples.

c) Lions significantly prefer whole carcasses over ground/processed meat, regardless of the origin of the meat (e.g., what animal the meat came from).

Based on the graphs in Question #4, which of the following is a reasonable conclusion for results of this experiment? a) Lions prefer ungulate meat to horse meat, no matter what form the meat is in (ground vs. whole carcass). b) Lions significantly prefer ground/processed meat over whole carcasses, regardless of the origin of the meat (e.g., what animal the meat came from). c) Lions significantly prefer whole carcasses over ground/processed meat, regardless of the origin of the meat (e.g., what animal the meat came from). d) Lions show no preferences for meat form (ground vs. whole carcass) or origin (horse vs. ungulate).

d) food type

Below is a description of an experiment used to determine the food preferences in a small population of lions in a zoo. The goal was to find out what was the lions' favorite foods so that the zookeeper can give it to them more often to improve the animals' welfare. Read the experiment design then answer the questions below. Experiment The zookeeper provides each lion (six in the whole pride) their meals at the same time each day. Each lion is fed while they are alone in a holding chamber. The lion is fed one of four diets: Ground horse meat (the standard diet fed to most carnivorous animals in zoo environments) Ground ungulate meat. Ungulates are animals with hooves (giraffe, antelope, zebra, etc.). Whole ungulate carcass pieces. Instead of grinding and processing the meat, the zookeeper provides the meat in entire part of the animal, similar to how the meat would be consumed in the wild. Whole horse carcass pieces. At each feeding, the zookeeper times two events: Eating Latency: How long does it take after food placement for the lion to start eating? Eating Duration: How long does it take after starting eating for the animal to be done eating? Note: Lions are not like humans where we will eat things we like very, very fast. Lions eat at their own pace, and the length of time it takes to eat something is more related to how hard it is to eat rather than their preference for the food item. Think about how much time it takes to eat a pomegranate vs. a piece of broccoli. Just because eating the broccoli is faster doesn't mean you like broccoli more than pomegranate. Pomegranates just take a long time to pick apart. Below are graphs of the results of the experiment. Question: What is the independent variable in this study? a) location of consuming food b) individual lion identity c) duration of feeding time d) food type e) latency to start eating

b) The antibodies on the surface of the red blood cells

Blood type is determined by: a) The antigens in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells b) The antibodies on the surface of the red blood cells c) The antigens on the surface of the red blood cells d) The antibodies in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells

Which of these blood types can donate to a person with an O- blood type? Categorize blood types based on whether they can donate to an O- person. O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

Can Donate: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- Cannot Donate: n/a

Which of these blood types can donate to a person with an A+ blood type? Categorize blood types based on whether they can donate to an A+ person. O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

Can Donate: O+ O- A+ A- Cannot Donate: B+ B- AB+ AB-

Solanaceae: a) potato b) tomato Amaryllidaceae: c) onion Poaceae: d) corn e) sugar cane

Categorize each food item below by organizing them according to their family. Solanaceae: Amaryllidaceae: Poaceae: a) potato b) tomato c) onion d) corn e) sugar cane

Independent Variable: a) assigned, measured, or manipulated at the start of the experiment b) variation in this variable does not depend on any other variables c) light treatment (12 vs Six Hours Per Day) Dependent Variable: a) number of flowers b) variation in this variable depends on the state of other variables c) measured during experiment data collection

Categorize each of the following as describing the independent variable or the dependent variable. These statements may be general statements about these kinds of variables or they may be specific to the experiment outlined above. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:

Carbohydrates- pear, pineapple Vitamins- cauliflower, kale, blackberry Fats- cocoa

Categorize the following foods based off the major nutrient found in each one: Pear, Kale, Cauliflower, Cocoa, Pineapple, Blackberry Carbohydrates- Vitamins- Fats-

#2 - glycolysis #7 - krebs (citrus acid) cycle #10 - electron transport chain #6 acetyl-coA production

Cellular respiration is the process by which your cells convert the energy contained in the foods you eat into ATP. Below is a diagram of the three major pathways in cellular respiration, with numbered labels. Use this diagram to answer the questions below (you may find it useful to label the diagram with the proper labels before beginning).

d) emulsifies membrane lipids and proteins, keeping them from interacting with DNA.

Detergent a) causes DNA to precipitate (solidify and become visible) while preserving fragile hydrogen bonds, thus preventing damage to the strands. b) physically collect the DNA strands. c) has enzymes that degrade proteins, which then releases the DNA. d) emulsifies membrane lipids and proteins, keeping them from interacting with DNA.

nucleus; proteins and membranes

Fill in the blank to correctly complete the statement. DNA exists in all cells but is housed inside the ----- of eukaryotic cells. In order to extract it, associated -------- must be removed.

b) separates, size

Fill in the blanks. Gel Electrophoresis _____ DNA fragments by _____. a) separates, code b) separates, size c) reads, codes d) alters, cutting

#6 protons ATP synthesis

If a pathogen or pollutant somehow ruptured the inner membrane of the mitochondria so that there was a hole that prevented the inner-membrane space from being separate from the intermembrane space, the process represented by box #--- would be most disrupted. Without the intact membrane, --- would simply move back across the membrane through the hole, and it would be impossible to create the gradient that allows for ---.

h) A; A-

If a sample shows agglutination only when Anti-A serum is added, this would mean that the RBCs have only ___ antigens, therefore, this person's blood type should be ____. a) A; B+ b) B; A+ c) A; A+ d) A; B+ e) B; B+ f) B; A- g) B; B- h) A; A-

b) false

If two parents both have Type O blood, it is still possible for one of their children to have Type A blood. a) true b) false

a) a pumpkin - a fruit b) cinnamon - bark c) an onion - leaf d) black beans - seeds

If you are eating ____ than you are eating ____. a) a pumpkin - b) cinnamon - c) an onion - d) black beans -

b) Only specific combinations of an enzyme and substrate will exhibit a reaction.

In Lab #2, where you observed reactions giving off (or not giving off) gas in the form of bubbles, what was your hypothesis? a) What are the ways in which you can measure enzyme activities? b) Only specific combinations of an enzyme and substrate will exhibit a reaction. c) I will examine different combinations of chemicals with and without enzymes. d) Catalase activity is observed by monitoring the amount of product (oxygen bubbles) produced.

pyruvate acetyl-CoA Kreb's cycle

In box #6, --- is converted to --- the starting molecule for the ---.

false

In gel electrophoresis, a negative pole is needed at the bottom of the gel to encourage migration of positively charged DNA fragments. true false

c) Sand on the left and right side of the chamber.

In the Connect Lab on pill bugs, what was the control chamber set up? a) Cornstarch on the left side of the chamber, sand on the right side of the chamber. b) Both sides of the chamber empty c) Sand on the left and right side of the chamber. d) Cornstarch on both sides of the chamber

c) Add 5 pill bugs to each side of the container and count the number on each side at regular intervals of time.

In the Connect Lab on pill bugs, what was the correct experimental strategy? a) Add 10 pill bugs then continue to add pill bugs to the container so each side remains equal. b) Put one pill bug into the chamber and see where it goes immediately. c) Add 5 pill bugs to each side of the container and count the number on each side at regular intervals of time. d) Add 5 pill bugs to one side of the container and count the number on each side at regular intervals.

a) mucus b) hydrochloric acid c) pepsin d) water

In the Crash Course video, you learned about the contents of the stomach called the 'gastric juice'. Which of the following were components of the gastric juice? (You can choose more than one.) a) mucus b) hydrochloric acid c) pepsin d) water

a) To ensure that the initial volume of each tube was equal

In the soybean respiration experiment, why were glass beads added to the non-germinating soybeans? (Select any/all that apply) a) To ensure that the initial volume of each tube was equal b) To stop the soybeans from germinating c) To ensure that the initial humidity level within each tube was equal d) To prevent the soybeans from moving around inside the tube

true

Larger fragments of DNA move more slowly than smaller DNA fragments. true false

Match Donors to Recipient O+ Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

O+ Recipient: O+ O-

Match Donors to Recipient O- Recipient: Donors: O+ O- A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB-

O- Recipient: O-

Which antibodies cause agglutination in someone with a B+ blood type? Categorize answers based on whether they cause agglutination in a B+ person. anti-Rh antibodies anti-A antibodies anti-B antibodies

Produced: anti-Rh antibodies anti-B antibodies Not Produced: anti-A antibodies

glycogen, oligosaccharides, maltose, glucose

Organize these carbohydrates in order from largest to smallest: glucose glycogen maltose oligosaccharides

What types of antibodies are produced by someone with an AB- blood type? Categorize antibodies based on whether they are produced by an AB- person. anti-Rh antibodies anti-A antibodies anti-B antibodies

Produced: anti-Rh antibodies Not Produced: anti-A antibodies anti-B antibodies

glycogen

Scientists just discovered a new cave creature that eats squirrels that scuttle around the cave entrance. They also discover this creature uses a new enzyme similar to amylase in order to break down what it consumes. The carbohydrate found in these squirrels is most likely ----.

a) enzymes are mainly proteins b) if any enzyme 'distorts' under poor conditions and can no longer function, it is considered denatured.

Select ALL of the statements that are TRUE about enzymes. a) enzymes are mainly proteins. b) if any enzyme 'distorts' under poor conditions and can no longer function, it is considered denatured. c) enzymes act as catalysts that slow down reactions. d) the names of enzymes typically end in -ose.

b) apple c) sugar cane

Select all food items that primarily provide CARBOHYDRATES as a major nutrient. a) celery b) apple c) sugar cane d) broccoli

a) cauliflower b) strawberries c) pumpkin

Select all food items that primarily provide VITAMINS as a major nutrient. a) cauliflower b) strawberries c) pumpkin d) cocoa

e) After comparing the volume of oxygen consumed by each treatment group, germinating soybeans performed cellular respiration at the greatest rate.

Select any/all statement(s) that support the results of your soybean germination experiment. a) After comparing the volume of oxygen consumed by each treatment group, non-germinating soybeans performed cellular respiration at the greatest rate. b) Glass beads increase the amount of carbon dioxide produced by soybeans. c) In 20 minutes, non-germinating soybeans break down glucose more than germinating soybeans. d) In 20 minutes, germinating soybeans break down glucose more than non-germinating soybeans. e) After comparing the volume of oxygen consumed by each treatment group, germinating soybeans performed cellular respiration at the greatest rate. f) Glass beads decrease the amount of carbon dioxide produced by soybeans.

Peanut- South America Coffee Bean- Ethiopia Cocoa- Central America Apple- Central Asia

Select the correct native range for each of the food items listed below. Peanut- Coffee Bean- Cocoa- Apple-

mitochondrial membrane, NADH and FADH2, electron transport chain, oxygen, NADH, NAD+

The Kreb's cycle occurs in the --- . The main purpose of the Kreb's cycle is to generate ----- to power the ----. In this final step of aerobic cellular respiration ---- is the final electron acceptor, and oxidizes --- to regenerate ----.

b) plasma

The component of blood that forms a nonliving matrix in which the other blood components are suspended is/are: a) platelets b) plasma c) leucocytes d) erythrocytes

a) -aceae

The proper ending for a plant family name is... a) -aceae b) -ase c) -ose d) Brassica-

A hypothesis is an educated guess on one's limited observation on why this happened while a prediction is a specific interpretation on what might happen given the present observation and possible treatment.

When scientists perform research, they want to be completely sure that the patterns/data they collect represent true information. To accomplish this, they conduct experiments following a set of steps that allows for unbiased data collection. The process of scientific research is often called "the scientific method." Typically, the scientific method consists of the following steps: Ask a Question or make an observation Formulate a hypothesis (a general explanation of the observation) Devise a prediction that is specific and testable based on the hypothesis. Predictions explicitly state the data that a scientist anticipates collecting in their experiment. Conduct an experiment to provide evidence for or against your hypothesis Analyze results and draw conclusions - if hypothesis is not supported, think, reformulate question and/or hypothesis and try again. Report results Example: Question/Observation: The plant in my office produces fewer flowers than the plant on my porch. To explain what causes this pattern, I need to develop a hypothesis based on existing knowledge. Through previous scientific research, we know that plant growth is heavily dependent on the availability of light for photosynthesis. Hypothesis: Flower production by plants depends on the amount of available light. · Notice: My hypothesis explains an underlying mechanism (in this case light availability) that causes the pattern observed. Once I have a hypothesis, I need to design an experiment and develop a prediction of what will happen in that experiment if the hypothesis is true. Since my hypothesis relates to light availability, my experiment design and prediction need to as well. Prediction: A plant exposed to 12 hours of light per day will produce more flowers than a plant exposed to six hours of light per day. · Notice: My prediction includes what treatment I am manipulating (the amount of light), what treatment levels I am using (12 vs. six hours per day), the data I will be collecting (number of flowers) and the pattern I anticipate finding in my data (more flowers in the 12-hour treatment). If at the end of my experiment, the plants in the 12-hour treatment have, for example, twice as many flowers as the plants in the six-hour treatment, I will have supported my hypothesis. If I find a different pattern, then I have failed to support my hypothesis and I need to revise it and try a different experiment. Based on the example above, what is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

replication

When they decided to perform this experiment on every lion in the pride, the zookeeper followed good principles of the scientific method by ensuring their experiment had sufficient ---.

a) Protects fragile hydrogen bonds; c) Protects DNA molecule from breakage/stabilizes it

When working with DNA why is it important to keep reagents cold? a) Protects fragile hydrogen bonds b) Protects fragile carbon bonds c) Protects DNA molecule from breakage/stabilizes it d) Aids in breaking down of proteins for DNA isolation

d) Cytoplasm

Where in the cell is the process represented by box 2 occurring? a) Endoplasmic reticulum b) Inner mitochondrial membrane c) Outer mitochondrial membrane d) Cytoplasm e) Nucleus

a) strawberries

Which of the following is NOT in the family Brassicaceae? a) strawberries b) broccoli c) kale d) brussel sprouts

a) Lions will show a shorter latency to start consuming food in whole carcass form than in ground/processed form.

Which of the following is an appropriately formatted prediction for a study with the experiment design described in Question #4? a) Lions will show a shorter latency to start consuming food in whole carcass form than in ground/processed form. b) Lions have food preferences c) Lions prefer ground meat to whole carcasses because it takes less time to eat. d) Providing lions with whole carcasses will increase their eating time. e) Lions prefer whole carcasses to ground/processed meat

c) Red blood cells carry oxygen and make up for 75% of the total blood volume.

Which of the following statements is false: a) Whole blood is a mixture of cells, cell fragments called 'formed elements', water, and dissolved molecules. b) Hemoglobin is the protein on our RBCs that binds to oxygen and allows the cell to transport this oxygen throughout the body. c) Red blood cells carry oxygen and make up for 75% of the total blood volume. d) If a wrong type of blood is given to a person this would potentially cause the transfused blood to clot. e) One of the functions of our blood is maintaining stable body temperature.

b) 2 c) 8 f) 11 g) 5

Which of the number correspond to a part of this diagram representing ATP? Select any/all that apply. a) 7 b) 2 c) 8 d) 9 e) 1 f) 11 g) 5 h) 6 i) 4

a) 1 e) 9

Which of the numbers is labeling a part of this diagram representing NADH/FADH? Select all that apply. a) 1 b) 3 c) 6 d) 8 e) 9 f) 10 g) 11

c) fructose

Which sugar would be most efficiently fermented by yeast? a) cellulose b) maltose c) fructose d) sucralose e) starch

d) alcohol e) carbon dioxide

Yeast causes a loaf of bread to rise. Select the waste product(s) generated in this process. a) oxygen b) starch c) glucose d) alcohol e) carbon dioxide