BIO 112 Chapter 39

Although water covers 71% of Earth's surface, how much of this water is freshwater? 10% 17% 13% 3%

3%

What climatic event can shift ocean currents and disrupt upwelling on western sides of continents? glacier retreat rain shadow El Niño solar eclipse

El Niño

Select all of the true statements about grasslands. They have soils with very little nutrients. They are home to caribou, moose, elk, wolves, and squirrels. Grasses and flowering plants are the dominant vegetation. Grazing and fire suppress tree growth. They are being converted to agricultural lands.

Grasses and flowering plants are the dominant vegetation. Grazing and fire suppress tree growth. They are being converted to agricultural lands.

What biome has plants whose seeds sprout only after a fire? tropical rain forest deciduous forest desert Mediterranean shrubland

Mediterranean shrubland

Select all the true statements about temperate coniferous forests. They are dominated by trees that shed their leaves in autumn. They are found in Africa. They contain the world's largest trees. Most trees are evergreen species, such as pine and hemlock. They are characterized by mild winters and abundant rain and fog.

Most trees are evergreen species, such as pine and hemlock. They contain the world's largest trees. They are characterized by mild winters and abundant rain and fog.

Why does the northern hemisphere experience warmer temperatures in June? The northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. Day and night are equally long in the southern hemisphere. The southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. Day and night are equally long in the northern hemisphere.

The northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.

How do forests help offset the CO2 released when humans burn fossil fuels? release CO2 from cellular respiration release oxygen and nitrogen into the atmosphere conduct fermentation that requires CO2 absorb CO2 from the atmosphere in photosynthesis

absorb CO2 from the atmosphere in photosynthesis

Corals are ______ that build calcium carbonate structures, which provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms. animals protists seaweeds plants

animals

Another name for the sediments at the bottom of a lake is the ______ zone. limnetic photic littoral benthic

benthic

Select all of the following that describe a eutrophic lake. most often, a young lake can result from nutrient-rich runoff nutrient-rich clear abundant algae low in productivity

can result from nutrient-rich runoff nutrient-rich abundant algae

Select all the statements that describe the taiga. characterized by long, cold winters nutrient-rich soil also called the boreal forest rapid decomposition above permafrost

characterized by long, cold winters also called the boreal forest

Select all of the following that describe an oligotrophic lake. nutrient-rich clear few phytoplankton usually very deep

clear few phytoplankton usually very deep

Evergreen trees, understory shrubs, birds, deer, bobcats, weasels, and bears are all species characteristic of coniferous forest. tropical rain forest. temperate grassland. tropical savannas.

coniferous forest.

Review the Investigating Life essay. Due to shifts in tree ranges in response to climate change, the economic value of forest land for the European lumber industry is expected to decrease by 30%. increase by 20%. increase by 50%. decrease by 15%.

decrease by 30%

Animals such as kangaroo rats that stay in burrows during the day to avoid heat are found in what biome? taiga deserts tropical rain forest tundra

deserts

You would expect to find plants adapted to dry or desert climates on the ______ side of a mountain. upwind equatorial polar downwind

downwind The upwind side receives the rain

An ecosystem where fresh water and salt water mix is called a(n) estuary. wetland. upwelling. reef.

estuary

Select all the statements that describe a wetland. nutrient-poor freshwater can be referred to as a bog few species can utilize the habitat

freshwater can be referred to as a bog

Select all of the following that describe savannas. grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs cold winters and warm summers shrubs have shallow, thin roots home to animals that group in large herds

grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs home to animals that group in large herds

Select all of the following that are true about intertidal zones. have rocky or sandy substrates not enough light for photosynthesis contain very few organisms coastal zones

have rocky or sandy substrates coastal zones

Select all of the following that describe coral reefs. high level of ocean biodiversity coastline ecosystems underwater calcium carbonate structures that are built by algae contain photosynthetic algae

high level of ocean biodiversity coastline ecosystems contain photosynthetic algae

Select all of the following that describe estuaries. home to organisms that can tolerate drastic changes in salinity are of very little commercial importance can be dry for portions of the year one of the most productive ecosystems

home to organisms that can tolerate drastic changes in salinity one of the most productive ecosystems

Upwelling zones in the ocean can result in increased nutrients and productivity. conversion of a photic zone to a benthic zone. lowered population levels in the ocean species. lowered biodiversity in the region.

increased nutrients and productivity.

Crabs, sea urchins, and seaweeds are found in the ______ zone of oceans. profundal benthic intertidal pelagic

intertidal

An abiotic factor that can regulate plant distribution in grasslands is fire. This is because it can cause primary succession. kill competitive trees. recharge aquifers. form mycorrhizal associations.

kill competitive trees

A(n) ______ is a large, standing-water, freshwater biome that is deeper than a pond. lake wetland ocean river

lake

Select all of the following that describe the polar ice cap at the South Pole. landmass covered with thick ice organisms contain antifreeze chemicals seals, whales, and squid found in water thin layer of ice that covers an ocean cold and windy, with heavy amounts of precipitation

landmass covered with thick ice organisms contain antifreeze chemicals seals, whales, and squid found in water

In taiga biomes, nutrients from decomposed organisms are found mostly within the leaf litter. topsoil. bedrock. deep layers of the soil.

leaf litter

In a lake, the layer of open water where light penetrates is called the benthic zone. pelagic zone. limnetic zone. profundal zone.

limnetic zone.

Rooted plants, such as cattails, would occur in what zone of a lake? littoral limnetic profundal benthic

littoral

Select all the zones of lakes that contain phytoplankton. littoral benthic limnetic profundal

littoral limnetic

Biotic factors of ecosystems are those that are living. nonliving. inorganic. chemical elements.

living.

Due to the influence of the ocean, coastal regions have more severe climates. little to no nutrients. more mountains. milder climates.

milder climates

Select all of the following that characterize soils of the taiga. nutrient poor acidic nutrient rich dry

nutrient poor acidic

Select all of the following that are characteristics of temperate deciduous forests. nutrient-rich soil animals that hibernate epiphytes vast expanses of grasses little to no leaf litter shade-tolerant shrubs

nutrient-rich soil animals that hibernate shade-tolerant shrubs

What ecosystem occupies the most space on Earth? groundwater polar ice caps ocean lakes and rivers

ocean

All the water of the ocean above the seafloor is referred to as the ______ zone. benthic photic littoral pelagic

pelagic

In tundra biomes, the year-round frozen soil layer is referred to as permafrost. groundwater. chaparral. humus.

permafrost.

Select two key elements provided by soil in terrestrial ecosystems. phosphorus nitrogen carbon oxygen

phosphorus nitrogen

Photosynthesis takes place in the ______ zone of a lake. profundal temperate benthic photic

photic

The producers in aquatic systems are primarily the zooplankton. invertebrates. small fish. phytoplankton.

phytoplankton

What potential resource is lost when tropical rain forests are logged or burned? nutrient-rich soil peat moss plant that are sources of medicines some of Earth's largest herds of grazing mammals

plant that are sources of medicines

What produces the major ocean currents? distribution of nutrients in oceans the tilt of the Earth on its axis prevailing winds elevation of continent coastlines Correct Answer

prevailing winds

Select all of the reasons why forests are important to ecosystems. cause rain shadows protect soil from erosion source of lumber and foods affect global air circulation patterns produce oxygen

protect soil from erosion source of lumber and foods produce oxygen

Select all of the following that describe rivers. running, freshwater habitats tend to have high levels of oxygen where there are swift currents carry nutrients from the ocean to all parts of the land may flood annually murky, wide channel at headwaters

running, freshwater habitats tend to have high levels of oxygen where there are swift currents may flood annually

What area of the ocean has the most nutrients, sunlight, and primary productivity? deep water ocean floor shallow coastal water surface of the open ocean

shallow coastal water

Caribou, reindeer, lynx, spruce, firs, pines, and migratory birds are species found in what biome? temperate grassland temperate deciduous forest taiga savanna

taiga

What biome is characterized by warm summers, cold winters, trees that lose their leaves seasonally, and animals such as raccoons, deer, squirrels, snakes, birds, and foxes? tropical rain forests savannas boreal forest (taiga) temperate deciduous forests

temperate deciduous forests

What biome has few trees and is characterized by fertile soil, rich in organic matter and ideal for cultivation? temperate grassland tropical rain forest taiga desert

temperate grassland

Select the two major abiotic factors that determine the types of plants in different biomes. dissolved oxygen and nutrient availability temperature and moisture fire and wind salinity and air pressure

temperature and moisture

Due to ______, equatorial regions of Earth have warm temperatures year-round, and nonequatorial regions experience lower temperatures, less light, and seasonal changes. the curvature of Earth and the tilt of its axis the higher elevation of land in nonequatorial regions the higher elevation of land at the equator the 24-hour rotation of Earth around its axis

the curvature of Earth and the tilt of its axis

Large plants or trees usually don't become established in the tundra biome because of competition by shrubs. heavy browsing by caribou. frequent forest fires. the permafrost layer.

the permafrost layer.

Permafrost is found in what biome? taiga tropical forests temperate grassland tundra

tundra

What is a factor that causes tropical rain forest soils to be nutrient-poor? slow decomposition rate rapid recycling and absorption of nutrients large amount of organic matter in soil warm temperatures

rapid recycling and absorption of nutrients

The lack of rain on the downwind side of a mountain is a result of the coriolis effect. El Niño effect. rain shadow effect. spherical shape of Earth.

rain shadow effect.

Select all of the following that are primary producers. organisms that consume other organisms to obtain organic molecules plants organisms that use sunlight to build organic molecules abiotic components of ecosystems autotrophs

plants organisms that use sunlight to build organic molecules autotrophs

Why are there desserts at about 30 degrees North and South latitude? Sinking air warms and picks up moisture from the land. Rising air cools and picks up moisture from the land. Air becomes less dense as it picks up water and rises. Air becomes more dense as it rises and sheds its moisture.

Sinking air warms and picks up moisture from the land

Select all of the abiotic factors that can affect what organisms live in an ecosystem. dissolved oxygen fungi temperature fire salinity nutrient availability bacteria and archaea

dissolved oxygen temperature fire salinity nutrient availability

The deepwater zone of a lake that doesn't receive light is the ______ zone. profundal limnetic littoral photic

profundal

Air near the equator is heated by the sun, rises and cools, and ______. Then, at around 30 degrees North and South latitude, the air begins to sink back to earth, warming up and absorbing moisture, creating vast ______. picks up moisture from the land; deserts drops moisture as precipitation; deserts drops moisture as precipitation; forests picks up moisture from the land; forests

drops moisture as precipitation; deserts

Select all of the following that describe lakes. contain about 20% of Earth's water freshwater associated with moving water include a littoral zone with plant growth

freshwater include a littoral zone with plant growth

Select all of the following that are true about terrestrial biomes. vertebrates and invertebrates determine the dominant plants soil plays little role in nutrient cycling and plant life influenced by temperature and moisture components of climate huge bands on Earth with characteristic types of vegetation

influenced by temperature and moisture components of climate huge bands on Earth with characteristic types of vegetation

Select all of the following that describe the neritic zone. is a productive zone in the ocean receives very little sunlight between the intertidal zone and the edge of the continental shelf is very deep and contains few nutrients

is a productive zone in the ocean between the intertidal zone and the edge of the continental shelf

The oceanic zone contains coral reefs. is the deep-water region beyond the continental shelf. contains kelp and abundant nutrients. is alternately exposed and covered as the tide rises and falls.

is the deep-water region beyond the continental shelf.

Select all of the following that describe deserts. receive less than 20 centimeters of rain per year soils low in organic matter habitats for large, migratory animals most are devoid of life can be cold or hot

receive less than 20 centimeters of rain per year soils low in organic matter can be cold or hot

Moving freshwater that carries sediments from land toward the ocean can be classified as swamps and bogs. rivers and streams. lakes and wetlands. wetlands and estuaries.

rivers and streams.

Select all of the following that describe oceans. provide little photosynthesis at the base of the food chain saltwater habitats absorb heat and regulate climate largest aquatic biome

saltwater habitats absorb heat and regulate climate largest aquatic biome

In what biome did the ancestors of human first evolve? temperate coniferous forest savanna taiga temperate deciduous forest

savanna

Select all of the following that describe chaparral. shrubs have thick bark and leathery leaves large sequoia trees are the dominant vegetation soils are nutrient rich and suitable for agriculture herbivores include jackrabbits, deer, birds, and rodents susceptible to fires dry summers

shrubs have thick bark and leathery leaves herbivores include jackrabbits, deer, birds, and rodents susceptible to fires dry summers

Select all of the following that describe tropical rain forests. lack mycorrhizae species diversity is extremely high soils are nutrient rich and contain large amounts of organic matter found along the equator

species diversity is extremely high found along the equator

Polar ice caps and glaciers make up two-thirds of Earth's fresh water. 97% of Earth's water resources. one-third of Earth's salt water. 71% of Earth's surface.

two-thirds of Earth's fresh water.

Select all the statements that describe tundra. utilized as breeding habitat for migratory birds home to reindeer, lemmings, shrubs, mosses, and grasses a low-temperature biome supports vast forests of pine, spruce, and fir deep, nutrient-rich soil and rapid decomposition contains abundant lichens

utilized as breeding habitat for migratory birds home to reindeer, lemmings, shrubs, mosses, and grasses a low-temperature biome contains abundant lichens

The climate of tropical rain forests is warm and moist. cool and moist. warm and dry. cool and dry.

warm and moist.

A swamp or marsh where the soil is saturated with freshwater for all or part of a year is called a(n) wetland. rainforest. estuary. tide pool.

wetland

Select all of the following that are true about Earth's polar ice caps. worms and crustaceans are part of the food web include some of the world's most fertile, yet unreachable, soils inhabited by whales, seals, and birds have phytoplankton as the base of the food chain

worms and crustaceans are part of the food web inhabited by whales, seals, and birds have phytoplankton as the base of the food chain