BIO 112 Chapters 28 & 37

Place the following events in the order: 1) pollen tube grows into ovule. 2) insect lands on flower to drink nectar. 3) embryo develops within the seed. 4) fertilization occurs. 5) pollen carried by insect contacts stigma:

2, 5, 1, 4, 3

There are at least _____ species of flowering plants worldwide.

300,000

________ fruits contain plant tissue in addition to ovary tissue.

Accessory

_____ fruits result from the fusion of several developing ovaries in a single flower. The raspberry is an example. Similarly _____ fruits form from the fusion of several ovaries of many flowers that grow in proximity on a common floral stalk. The pineapple is an example.

Aggregate; multiple

Monocots and eudicots are in the phylum ________.

Anthophyta

Seed plants produce _____ which are individual megasporangium. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a _____.

Ovules; seed

Two things flowers have evolved to attract pollinators are _____ and _____.

Showy petals; scent

The dominant generation of seed plants is the _____. The generation is greatly reduced in size.

Sporophyte; gametophyte

The four phyla of plants with "naked seeds" are:

_____, _____, _____, and _____. Coniferophyta; Ginkgophyta; Cycadophyta; Gnetophyta

Seeds plants lack which of the following structures?

a large, nutritionally independent gametophyte

Seeds are reproductively superior to spores because seeds:

are multiceullular with stored nutrients; are protected by a seed coat; are further developed than a spore

Many flowering plants reproduce _____. Genetically these offspring are _____ to their parents.

asexually; similar

Flowers pollinated by bats bloom _____ and have _____ petals. They usually smell like _____.

at night; white; fermented fruit

The ancestors of all other flowering plants are thought to be:

basal angiosperms

Plants pollinated by insects often have; or; (color?) petals, but usually not; petals.

blue/yellow; yellow/blue; red

Flowers pollinated by insects are often colored:

blue; yellow

Unlike conifers, the seeds of Gingko biloba are _______.

completely exposed

Currently, many botanists think that the closest living gymnosperms related to flowering plants are ________.

conifers

The cycads reproduce in a manner similar to pines, except cycads are _______, meaning that male cones and female cones are on separate plants.

dioecious

Like bryophytes and seedless plants, seed plants:

have a life cycle with an alternation of generations; have a dominant sporophyte generation

A pine tree has:

megasporangia on the female cones; separate male and female parts on the same tree; two types of spores in separate cones; female cones that are larger than male cones

Seeds are reproductively superior to spores because seeds are _____, contain _____, and are protected by _____.

more developed; an abundant food supply; a multicellular seed coat

Reproduction in conifers is totally adapted for life _______.

on land

The male gametophytes of pine are called:

pollen grains

Terms associated with anthers include:

pollen grains; microsporangia; microspores; male

The outermost and lowest whorl on a floral shoot is made up of:

sepals

The normal order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is:

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

The are the lowermost and outermost whorl on the floral shoot and they are green and _____ in their appearance.

sepals; leaflike

Flowers are reproductive shoots, usually consisting of four kinds of organs, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

sepals; petals; stamens; carpels

The four main organs in flowers are the _____, _____, and _____, each of them arranged in whorls. The "male" organs are the _____ and the "female" organs are the _____.

sepals; petals; stamens; carpels

The triploid endosperm of angiosperms develops from fusion of:

two polar nuclei and one sperm

______ fruits develop from many ovaries of a single flower, whereas ______ fruits develop from the ovaries of many separate flowers.

Aggregate; multiple

Pollen transfer between different plant individuals results in _____, which mixes the genetic material and promotes _____ among the offspring.

Cross-fertilization / cross-pollination; genetic variation / genetic diversity

The two groups of seed plants are the _____, from the Greek for "naked seed" because the seeds are not surrounded by an _____, and the _____, meaning "seed enclosed in a vessel or case."

Gymnosperms; ovary wall; angiosperms

A fruit composed of ovary tissue and other plant parts is a/a:

accessory fruit

A fruit that forms many separate carpels in a single flower is an:

aggregate fruit

Raspberries and blackberries are examples of:

aggregate fruits

Plants that spend a portion of their life cycle in a multicellular haploid stage and part in a multicellular diploid stage are said to undergo a reproductive cycle called the _____. The haploid part is the _____ and the diploid portion is called the _____.

alternation of generations; gametophyte generation; sporophyte generation

Pollen forms in the _____, a saclike structure on the tip of the stamen, and ovules form within the ____ which are part of the _____.

anther; ovary; carpel

The transfer of pollen grains from _____ to _____ is known as pollination.

anther; stigma

The process by which an embryo develops from a diploid cell in the ovary without fusion of haploid gametes is called:

apomixis

Pollen sacs in an anther:

are called microsporangia; are the sites of male gametophyte formation; are sites where meiosis occurs; produce many microspores

The tomato is actually a:

berry; fruit; mature ovary

Conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes are collectively called:

club mosses

The observation that insects with long mouthparts pollinate long, tubular flowers and insects with short mouthparts pollinate flowers with short corollas is explained by:

coevolution

The advantage of apomixis over other methods of asexual reproduction is that the seeds and fruits produced can be ________ by methods associated with sexual reproduction.

dispersed

The process of ________ in flowering plants involves one sperm cell fusing with an egg and one sperm cell fusing with two polar nuclei.

double fertilization

A seed contains an _____and stores _____.

embyro; nutrients / food

The nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants that is formed from the union of a sperm cell and two polar nuclei is called the:

endosperm

The tissue with nutritive and hormonal functions that surrounds the developing embryonic plant in the seed is called _______.

endosperm

Some plants have evolved flowers resembling specific shapes. The flower of one species of orchid actually resembles an insect, a ________.

female bee

The union of gametes is called _____. Sexual reproduction provides an advantage to the offspring because they are genetically _____ from either parent.

fertilization; different

Wind-pollinated plants produce many small, inconspicuous ________.

flowers

Seed plants all have two types of vascular tissues:

for conducting water and minerals and; for conducting dissolved sugar.] xylem; phloem

The eudicots have floral parts in multiples of _____, and their seeds contain _____ cotyledon(s).

four or five; two

As the seed develops from an ovule following fertilization, the ovary wall surrounding it enlarges dramatically and develops into a ________.

fruit

In angiosperms, of the four haploid megaspores that result from meiosis of the megaspore mother cell, one of them becomes the:

gametophyte

Flowering plants evolved from ________.

gymnosperms

Bryophytes, horsetails and most ferns and club mosses produce only one type of spore, a condition known as _____. Some ferns and club mosses and all seed plants exhibit _____, the production of two different types of spores. The spores are either _____ which develop into male gametophytes or _____ which develop into female gametophytes.

homospory; heterospory; microspores; megaspores

The mating of genetically similar individuals is known as _____, and the mating of dissimilar individuals is called _____.

inbreeding; outcrossing / outbreeding

Many botanists have concluded that stamens and carpels are probably derived from ________.

leaves

In gymnosperms, the pollen grain develops from:

microspore cells; spores; the male gametophyte; the gametophyte generation; meiosis of cells in the microsporangium

Microsporocytes in the anther produce four haploid _____, each of which develops into a _____.

microspores; male gametophye/pollen grain

Pollen sacs within the anther contain numerous diploid cells called _____, each of which undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid cells called _____, each of which divides mitotically to produce an immature male gametophyte called a _____. The pollen grain becomes mature when its generative cell divides to form two nonmotile _____.

microsporocytes; microspores; pollen grain; sperm cells

The conifers are the largest group of gymnosperms. Most of them are _______, which means that the male and female reproductive organs are in different places on the same plant.

monoecious

Flowers pollinated by birds are often colored:

orange; red; yellow

Carpels bear _______.

ovules

One of the pollen grains that adheres to the sticky surface of the ovule grows to form a _______ which digests its way through the megasporangium until it reaches the egg where the sperm will be released.

pollen tube

Features that plants have evolved to attract pollinators include:

pollen; nectar; coloration; scent; petals

The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is:

pollination

The transfer of pollen grains from the male to the female reproductive structure is known as:

pollination

In flowering plants, the fusion of two gametes:

produces the sporophyte generation; produces a diploid generation; is called fertilization

The mature embryo within the seed consists of a short embryonic root, or _____ an embryonic shoot; and one or two seed leaves, or _____.

radicle; cotyledons

Flowers pollinated by birds are usually colored _____, _____, or _____ because birds see well in this range of _____.

red; orange; yellow; visible light

Female cones are also called _____ and have _____ on the upper surface of each cone scale, within which are megasporocytes. Each of these cells produces four haploid _____, three of which disintegrate, while the fourth develops into the egg producing _____.

seed cones; megasporangia; megaspores; female gametophyte

After fertilization, the ovule develops into a _______ and the ovary develops into a _______.

seed; fruit

The major difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that in gymnosperms:

seeds are exposed or "naked"; there is no ovary wall surrounding ovules

A genetic condition in which the pollen is ineffective in fertilizing the same flower or other flowers on the same plant is known as _______.

self-incompatibility

The many adaptations of flowers for different modes of pollination represent one cost of ________.

sexual reproduction

The four basic types of fruits are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

simple; aggregate; multiple; accessory

One type of fruit, the _____ fruit, develops from a single ovary. It may be fleshy or dry. Fruits that have soft tissues throughout, like those in tomatoes and grapes, are called _____, while fleshy fruits that have a hard, stony pit surrounding a single seed are known as _____.

simple; berries; drupes

Which of the following is/are; about a pine tree?

sporophyte generation is dominant; gametophyte is dependent on sporophyte for nourishment; nutritive tissue in seed is gametophyte tissue; pollen grain is a male gametophyte

A carpel consists of:

stigma, style, and ovary

Once pollen grains have been transferred from anther to stigma, the tube cell grows a pollen tube down through the _____ and into an _____ in the ovary.

style; ovule

In flowering plants, haploid spores are produced by:

the sporophyte generation; meiosis

The monocots have floral parts in multiples of _____, and their seeds contain _____ cotyledon(s).

three; one

Flowering plants are _____ plants that reproduce _____ by forming flowers.

vascular; sexually

The gnetophytes share a number of advances over the rest of the gymnosperms, one of which is the presence of distinct ______ in their xylem tissues.

vessel elements

A major adaptation of the pine life cycle was the elimination of the need for; and the use of; as a means of dispersing the sperm in the pollen grain.

water; air/wind

Flowers pollinated by bats are often colored:

white

Flowering plant seeds and fruits are adapted for various means of dispersal, among which four common means are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

wind; animals; water; explosive dehiscence

Double fertilization is a phenomenon that is unique to flowering plants. It results in the formation of two structures, the _____ and the _____.

zygote; endosperm