BIO 112 Chapters 28 & 37
Place the following events in the order: 1) pollen tube grows into ovule. 2) insect lands on flower to drink nectar. 3) embryo develops within the seed. 4) fertilization occurs. 5) pollen carried by insect contacts stigma:
2, 5, 1, 4, 3
There are at least _____ species of flowering plants worldwide.
300,000
________ fruits contain plant tissue in addition to ovary tissue.
Accessory
_____ fruits result from the fusion of several developing ovaries in a single flower. The raspberry is an example. Similarly _____ fruits form from the fusion of several ovaries of many flowers that grow in proximity on a common floral stalk. The pineapple is an example.
Aggregate; multiple
Monocots and eudicots are in the phylum ________.
Anthophyta
Seed plants produce _____ which are individual megasporangium. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a _____.
Ovules; seed
Two things flowers have evolved to attract pollinators are _____ and _____.
Showy petals; scent
The dominant generation of seed plants is the _____. The generation is greatly reduced in size.
Sporophyte; gametophyte
The four phyla of plants with "naked seeds" are:
_____, _____, _____, and _____. Coniferophyta; Ginkgophyta; Cycadophyta; Gnetophyta
Seeds plants lack which of the following structures?
a large, nutritionally independent gametophyte
Seeds are reproductively superior to spores because seeds:
are multiceullular with stored nutrients; are protected by a seed coat; are further developed than a spore
Many flowering plants reproduce _____. Genetically these offspring are _____ to their parents.
asexually; similar
Flowers pollinated by bats bloom _____ and have _____ petals. They usually smell like _____.
at night; white; fermented fruit
The ancestors of all other flowering plants are thought to be:
basal angiosperms
Plants pollinated by insects often have; or; (color?) petals, but usually not; petals.
blue/yellow; yellow/blue; red
Flowers pollinated by insects are often colored:
blue; yellow
Unlike conifers, the seeds of Gingko biloba are _______.
completely exposed
Currently, many botanists think that the closest living gymnosperms related to flowering plants are ________.
conifers
The cycads reproduce in a manner similar to pines, except cycads are _______, meaning that male cones and female cones are on separate plants.
dioecious
Like bryophytes and seedless plants, seed plants:
have a life cycle with an alternation of generations; have a dominant sporophyte generation
A pine tree has:
megasporangia on the female cones; separate male and female parts on the same tree; two types of spores in separate cones; female cones that are larger than male cones
Seeds are reproductively superior to spores because seeds are _____, contain _____, and are protected by _____.
more developed; an abundant food supply; a multicellular seed coat
Reproduction in conifers is totally adapted for life _______.
on land
The male gametophytes of pine are called:
pollen grains
Terms associated with anthers include:
pollen grains; microsporangia; microspores; male
The outermost and lowest whorl on a floral shoot is made up of:
sepals
The normal order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is:
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
The are the lowermost and outermost whorl on the floral shoot and they are green and _____ in their appearance.
sepals; leaflike
Flowers are reproductive shoots, usually consisting of four kinds of organs, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
sepals; petals; stamens; carpels
The four main organs in flowers are the _____, _____, and _____, each of them arranged in whorls. The "male" organs are the _____ and the "female" organs are the _____.
sepals; petals; stamens; carpels
The triploid endosperm of angiosperms develops from fusion of:
two polar nuclei and one sperm
______ fruits develop from many ovaries of a single flower, whereas ______ fruits develop from the ovaries of many separate flowers.
Aggregate; multiple
Pollen transfer between different plant individuals results in _____, which mixes the genetic material and promotes _____ among the offspring.
Cross-fertilization / cross-pollination; genetic variation / genetic diversity
The two groups of seed plants are the _____, from the Greek for "naked seed" because the seeds are not surrounded by an _____, and the _____, meaning "seed enclosed in a vessel or case."
Gymnosperms; ovary wall; angiosperms
A fruit composed of ovary tissue and other plant parts is a/a:
accessory fruit
A fruit that forms many separate carpels in a single flower is an:
aggregate fruit
Raspberries and blackberries are examples of:
aggregate fruits
Plants that spend a portion of their life cycle in a multicellular haploid stage and part in a multicellular diploid stage are said to undergo a reproductive cycle called the _____. The haploid part is the _____ and the diploid portion is called the _____.
alternation of generations; gametophyte generation; sporophyte generation
Pollen forms in the _____, a saclike structure on the tip of the stamen, and ovules form within the ____ which are part of the _____.
anther; ovary; carpel
The transfer of pollen grains from _____ to _____ is known as pollination.
anther; stigma
The process by which an embryo develops from a diploid cell in the ovary without fusion of haploid gametes is called:
apomixis
Pollen sacs in an anther:
are called microsporangia; are the sites of male gametophyte formation; are sites where meiosis occurs; produce many microspores
The tomato is actually a:
berry; fruit; mature ovary
Conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes are collectively called:
club mosses
The observation that insects with long mouthparts pollinate long, tubular flowers and insects with short mouthparts pollinate flowers with short corollas is explained by:
coevolution
The advantage of apomixis over other methods of asexual reproduction is that the seeds and fruits produced can be ________ by methods associated with sexual reproduction.
dispersed
The process of ________ in flowering plants involves one sperm cell fusing with an egg and one sperm cell fusing with two polar nuclei.
double fertilization
A seed contains an _____and stores _____.
embyro; nutrients / food
The nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants that is formed from the union of a sperm cell and two polar nuclei is called the:
endosperm
The tissue with nutritive and hormonal functions that surrounds the developing embryonic plant in the seed is called _______.
endosperm
Some plants have evolved flowers resembling specific shapes. The flower of one species of orchid actually resembles an insect, a ________.
female bee
The union of gametes is called _____. Sexual reproduction provides an advantage to the offspring because they are genetically _____ from either parent.
fertilization; different
Wind-pollinated plants produce many small, inconspicuous ________.
flowers
Seed plants all have two types of vascular tissues:
for conducting water and minerals and; for conducting dissolved sugar.] xylem; phloem
The eudicots have floral parts in multiples of _____, and their seeds contain _____ cotyledon(s).
four or five; two
As the seed develops from an ovule following fertilization, the ovary wall surrounding it enlarges dramatically and develops into a ________.
fruit
In angiosperms, of the four haploid megaspores that result from meiosis of the megaspore mother cell, one of them becomes the:
gametophyte
Flowering plants evolved from ________.
gymnosperms
Bryophytes, horsetails and most ferns and club mosses produce only one type of spore, a condition known as _____. Some ferns and club mosses and all seed plants exhibit _____, the production of two different types of spores. The spores are either _____ which develop into male gametophytes or _____ which develop into female gametophytes.
homospory; heterospory; microspores; megaspores
The mating of genetically similar individuals is known as _____, and the mating of dissimilar individuals is called _____.
inbreeding; outcrossing / outbreeding
Many botanists have concluded that stamens and carpels are probably derived from ________.
leaves
In gymnosperms, the pollen grain develops from:
microspore cells; spores; the male gametophyte; the gametophyte generation; meiosis of cells in the microsporangium
Microsporocytes in the anther produce four haploid _____, each of which develops into a _____.
microspores; male gametophye/pollen grain
Pollen sacs within the anther contain numerous diploid cells called _____, each of which undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid cells called _____, each of which divides mitotically to produce an immature male gametophyte called a _____. The pollen grain becomes mature when its generative cell divides to form two nonmotile _____.
microsporocytes; microspores; pollen grain; sperm cells
The conifers are the largest group of gymnosperms. Most of them are _______, which means that the male and female reproductive organs are in different places on the same plant.
monoecious
Flowers pollinated by birds are often colored:
orange; red; yellow
Carpels bear _______.
ovules
One of the pollen grains that adheres to the sticky surface of the ovule grows to form a _______ which digests its way through the megasporangium until it reaches the egg where the sperm will be released.
pollen tube
Features that plants have evolved to attract pollinators include:
pollen; nectar; coloration; scent; petals
The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is:
pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the male to the female reproductive structure is known as:
pollination
In flowering plants, the fusion of two gametes:
produces the sporophyte generation; produces a diploid generation; is called fertilization
The mature embryo within the seed consists of a short embryonic root, or _____ an embryonic shoot; and one or two seed leaves, or _____.
radicle; cotyledons
Flowers pollinated by birds are usually colored _____, _____, or _____ because birds see well in this range of _____.
red; orange; yellow; visible light
Female cones are also called _____ and have _____ on the upper surface of each cone scale, within which are megasporocytes. Each of these cells produces four haploid _____, three of which disintegrate, while the fourth develops into the egg producing _____.
seed cones; megasporangia; megaspores; female gametophyte
After fertilization, the ovule develops into a _______ and the ovary develops into a _______.
seed; fruit
The major difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that in gymnosperms:
seeds are exposed or "naked"; there is no ovary wall surrounding ovules
A genetic condition in which the pollen is ineffective in fertilizing the same flower or other flowers on the same plant is known as _______.
self-incompatibility
The many adaptations of flowers for different modes of pollination represent one cost of ________.
sexual reproduction
The four basic types of fruits are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
simple; aggregate; multiple; accessory
One type of fruit, the _____ fruit, develops from a single ovary. It may be fleshy or dry. Fruits that have soft tissues throughout, like those in tomatoes and grapes, are called _____, while fleshy fruits that have a hard, stony pit surrounding a single seed are known as _____.
simple; berries; drupes
Which of the following is/are; about a pine tree?
sporophyte generation is dominant; gametophyte is dependent on sporophyte for nourishment; nutritive tissue in seed is gametophyte tissue; pollen grain is a male gametophyte
A carpel consists of:
stigma, style, and ovary
Once pollen grains have been transferred from anther to stigma, the tube cell grows a pollen tube down through the _____ and into an _____ in the ovary.
style; ovule
In flowering plants, haploid spores are produced by:
the sporophyte generation; meiosis
The monocots have floral parts in multiples of _____, and their seeds contain _____ cotyledon(s).
three; one
Flowering plants are _____ plants that reproduce _____ by forming flowers.
vascular; sexually
The gnetophytes share a number of advances over the rest of the gymnosperms, one of which is the presence of distinct ______ in their xylem tissues.
vessel elements
A major adaptation of the pine life cycle was the elimination of the need for; and the use of; as a means of dispersing the sperm in the pollen grain.
water; air/wind
Flowers pollinated by bats are often colored:
white
Flowering plant seeds and fruits are adapted for various means of dispersal, among which four common means are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
wind; animals; water; explosive dehiscence
Double fertilization is a phenomenon that is unique to flowering plants. It results in the formation of two structures, the _____ and the _____.
zygote; endosperm