bio 124 exam 1

A sink is an area where sugars are used or stored; typically, these are the roots and fruits of a plant.

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Water and minerals that are taken up in the soil are transported from roots to leaves by the xylem.

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Four phyla of gymnosperms

1. Cycadophyta (cycads) 2. Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba) 3. Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia) 4. Coniferophyta (conifers)

Parts of an ovule

1. Megasporangium 2. Megaspore 3. One or more protective integuments

4 key features of the gymnosperm life cycle

1. Miniaturization of their gametophytes 2. Dominance of the sporophyte generation 3. Production of seeds 4. Transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen

Common traits to all seed plants

1. Seeds 2. Reduced gametophytes 3. Heterospory 4. Ovules 5. Pollen

4 types of floral organs

1. Sepals, which enclose the flower 2. Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators 3. Stamens, which produce pollen on their terminal anthers (male reproductive organs) 4. Carpels, which produce ovules

Evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores

1. They remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination 2. They may may be transported long distances by wind or animals 3. Seeds have a supply of stored food

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei

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Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients? I) sporophyte dominance II) defenses against herbivory III) adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen

2 and 3

Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals.

2 and 3

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem.

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence

3 → 1 → 2

atmosphere is about

80% nitrogen gas N2

Parts of the carpel

A carpel consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a sticky stigma, where pollen is received. The ovary contains the female gametophyte(s) within the ovule(s) . Fertilized ovules develop into seeds. The term pistil can be used to refer to a single carpel or 2 or more fused carpels

Fruits

A fruit is formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures. Typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts. Protect seeds and aid in their dispersal. Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry

Archaeopteris

A heterosporous tree with a woody stem, but it did not bear seeds

A fruit is most commonly

A mature ovary

Consider the seed shown in this figure. Select the correct description of this seed.

A seed includes contributions from three separate generations of plants.

Parts of the stamen

A stamen consists of a stalk called a filament, with a sac called an anther where the pollen is produced. Microspores, which are produced in the anthers, develop into pollen grains containing the male gametophytes

Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from the oceans to land? A) Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources. B) Animals could also move onto land because they had easier access to nitrogen. C) Cyanobacteria could also move onto land because their host plants occurred there. D) Plants in the oceans were able to evolve forms that lived in much deeper parts of the oceans.

A) Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources.

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous? A) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants. B) It has vascular tissue. C) It has multiple sporangia. D) Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis.

A) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate? A) Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important. B) Protection of the zygote from competitors for light was more important in air than in water. C) Zygotes in plants are more independent of parental tissue than are algal zygotes. D) Zygotes in plants are more likely to germinate quickly after release from the parent plant than are zygotes released from algal organisms.

A) Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important.

Which of these are spore-producing structures? A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B) antheridium of a moss or fern C) archegonium of a moss or fern D) gametophyte of a moss

A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B) loss of structures that produce spores C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells

A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Characteristics of angiosperms

All are classified in a single phylum, Anthophyta, from the Greek word for flower. Have 2 key adaptations (Flowers and fruits). Ovules and. seeds are enclosed in an ovary

Flower

An angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction. Many species are pollinated by insects or animals, while some species are wind-pollinated. A specialized shoot with up to 4 types of modified leaves called floral organs

Reproductive adaptations of angiosperms

Angiosperms are flowering plants. They are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits. They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants.

The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group? A) green algae B) red algae C) charophytes D) brown algae E) angiosperms

Answer C

Which kind of plant tissue should lack phragmoplasts? A) bryophyte tissues B) diploid tissues of charophytes C) spore-producing tissues of all land plants D) tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokineses E) the meristematic tissues of fern gametophytes

Answer: D

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? A) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. B) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. C) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. D) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.

B) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? A) They were tied to the water for reproduction, thus needing to remain in close contact with the moist soil. B) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air. C) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. D) There was less competition for space, so they simply spread out flat.

B) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air.

Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) ________. A) are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants B) are more similar to ancestral red algae than are vascular plants C) can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system D) are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants

B) are more similar to ancestral red algae than are vascular plants

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____. A) mosses B) ferns C) gymnosperms D) flowering plants

B) ferns

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____. A) zygote of a green alga B) gametophyte of a moss C) sporophyte of a liverwort D) gametophyte of a fern

B) gametophyte of a moss

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________. A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B) green algae C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) liverworts and mosses

B) green algae

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ________. A) contains chloroplasts B) is surrounded by a cuticle C) does not contain vascular tissue D) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose

B) is surrounded by a cuticle

Archegonia _____. A) are the sites where male gametes are produced B) may contain sporophyte embryos C) have the same function as sporangia D) make asexual reproductive structures

B) may contain sporophyte embryos

Stomata ________. A) occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group B) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss C) occur in all land plants and are the same as pores D) open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange

B) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to ________. A) absorb nutrients from the soil and form a symbiosis with fungi B) transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller C) transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues and use them to protect developing embryos D) release toxins into the soil that reduced competition with other plants by poisoning nearby plants

B) transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller

Which tissue(s) make(s) up the bark of the woody stem shown here?

Both secondary phloem and periderm

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant.

C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b demonstrates which of the following? A) These derived traits show that green plants evolved from ancient charophytes. B) These shared traits show that green plants evolved from present-day charophytes. C) The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b. D) These two groups are not closely related.

C) The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b.

Which set contains the most closely related terms? A) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule B) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule D) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary

C) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule

Apical meristems ________. A) occur only in shoots of plants B) occur only in roots of plants C) occur in both roots and shoots of plants D) allow plants to move from one place to

C) occur in both roots and shoots of plants

Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses C) rise and diversification of angiosperms D) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

C) rise and diversification of angiosperms

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? A) some unicellular green algae B) some cyanobacteria C) some charophytes D) some red algae

C) some charophytes

In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____.

Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem

Phylum Gnetophyta

Comprises 3 genera (Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia). Vary in appearance. Some are tropical while others live in deserts

Conifers

Cone-bearing plants. Most gymnosperms are these

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba. Has flagellated sperm. Has a high tolerance to air pollution. A popular ornamental tree. Deciduous trees are male or female

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporophytes 4. sporangia A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 3, 4, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 2, 4, 1

D) 3, 2, 4, 1

Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate? A) Stomata are not important in algae because they do not need CO2. B) Stomata, when closed, allow CO2 to diffuse into plants. C) Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. D) Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant.

D) Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant.

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? A) They are all wind pollinated. B) They are heterosporous. C) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. D) They require water for reproduction.

D) They require water for reproduction.

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because spores ________. A) have a protective outer covering; seeds do not B) have an embryo; seeds do not C) have stored nutrition; seeds do not D) are unicellular; seeds are not

D) are unicellular; seeds are not

At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make _____. A) microphylls B) true roots C) true leaves D) sporangia

D) sporangia

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to A) lignin. B) cellulose. C) secondary compounds. D) sporopollenin.

D) sporopollenin

If animals had alternation of generations like plants, ________. A) they would have twice as rapid a population growth rate as compared to their current rates B) the products of mitosis would undergo meiosis C) the products of meiosis would immediately fuse to form a zygote and then undergo mitosis D) the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular

D) the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____

Diploid sporophyte

Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms.

Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.

Developmental patterns in angiosperms

Egg formation in the angiosperm Amborella resembles that of gymnosperms. In early angiosperms, the two integuments appear to originate separately

Benefits of pollen

Eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals

True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.

False

True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

False

True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink.

False

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Complete flowers

Flowers that have all 4 organs

Incomplete flowers

Flowers that lack one or more organs

Integuments of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Gymnosperm megaspores have one integument. Angiosperm megasporangia usually have two integuments

roots also spend ATP to pump

H+ ions directly from the root to the soil

Male in the flower of the mature sporophyte

In the anther microsporocytes develop and undergo meiosis thereby producing haploid microspores. The later undergo one mitotic division giving rise to a generative cell and a tube cell. These together comprise the immature microgametophyte, or pollen grain. The generative cell completes a second mitotic division to produce two sperm nuclei.

Female in the flower of the mature sporophyte

In the ovule one megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. Three megaspores degenerate while the fourth undergoes three mitotic divisions to produce an eight-nucleate embryo sac, or mature megagametophyte

Basal angiosperms

Include the flowering plants that belong to the oldest lineages. Include Amborella trichopoda, water lilies and star anise

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?

It functions as A HAPLOID food reserve.

Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true?

It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem.

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?

It lacks gametangia.

If a wide-spectrum fungicide that kills all fungal species were used extensively in a forest, what effects would you expect the treatment to have on the forest vegetation?

It would greatly reduce the ability of most plants to take up water and minerals from soil.

Phylum Cycadophyta

Large cones and palm like leaves. Thrived during the Mesozoic period, but relatively few species exist today. Have flagellated sperm

Phylum Coniferophyta

Largest of the gymnosperm phyla. Contains woody trees or shrubs. Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round. Bear seeds on exposed cone scales. Most species have woody cones, but a few have fleshy cones

Staminate cones

Male cones, are not woody and are the location where microspores and pollen are produced

What is the primary function of stems?

Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____.

Mesozoic

Location of stamens and carpels

Most species have flowers with both functional stamens and carpels, but in some species they occur on separate flowers. Flowers with stamens may be on the same plant as those with carpels, or they may occur on different plants

nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric N2 to

NH3

Which of the following can be used to determine a twigs age?

Number of apical bud scar rings

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).

ONE

Double fertilization

Occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to create a diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei in the central cavity of the female gametophyte to produce the triploid endosperm- food storing nutrient rich tissue that nourishes the developing embryo

Archaefructus

One of the earliest angiosperms. Has anthers and seeds but lacks petals and sepals

Which of the following parts of a plant remains on the plant even after several years of growth?

Primary xylem

Megasporangia

Produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes. Develop on modified leaves called megasporophylls

Microsporangia

Produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes. Develop on microsporophylls

Homosporous plants

Produce one kind of spore, which usually produces a bisexual gametophyte. Ferns and other close relatives

Heterosporous plants

Produce two types of spores, which develop into either male or female gametophytes. Seed plants

Conifer distribution

Reproduce more slowly than angiosperms; at a competitive disadvantage in many habitats. Still dominate in far north, at higher elevations, and in certain parts of the southern hemisphere

Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity?

Root cap

Magnoliids

Share some traits with basal angiosperms but evolved later. Include both woody and herbaceous plants. Include magnolias, laurels and black pepper plants. More closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms

Water rises in plants primarily by cohesion-tension. Which of the following is not true about the cohesion-tension model?

The "tension" of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells.

Eudicot

The clade that includes most dicots

Fossil angiosperms

The earliest pollen fossils with angiosperm characteristics are 130 million years old. Angiosperms display derived and primitive traits. The common ancestor to angiosperms was woody and not aquatic

Angiosperm life cycle

The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures. Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers. The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma. Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure cross-pollination between flowers from different plants of the same species.

Advantages of reduced gametophytes

The gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic. They develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent Sporophyte. This arrangement protects the developing gametophyte from environmental stress and enables it to obtain nutrients from the sporophyte

Which of the following statements about the distribution of sap throughout a plant is true?

The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis.

Ovulate cones

The parts where megaspores form and develop into female gametophytes.

Pollination in the angiosperm life cycle

The pollen grain that has landed on the stigma germinates, a pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows through the style and into the ovary. The ovule is entered by a pore called the micropyle. Pollen discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule.

Gymnosperm's naked seeds

The seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed by ovaries. Instead, they are exposed on sporophylls that form cones

Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?

The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed containing the ovules

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?

They continue to divide.

Why do plants need secondary growth?

To provide structural support for the plant

True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume.

True

Cotyledons

Two seed leaves that, along with a root, make up the embryo within a seed

Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems?

Vascular cambium

_____ provides cells for secondary growth.

Vascular cambium

Early angiosperms

Were likely small-flowered woody shrubs with simple water-conducting cells.

Pollen Grain

What a microspore develops into. Consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall

Bilateral symmetry

When a flower can only be divided into two equal parts by a single imaginary line

Radial symmetry

When an imaginary line through the central axis divides the flower into two equal parts

What is the driving force for the movement of solutes in the phloem of plants?

a difference in water potential (Ψ) between the source and the sink

mineral nutrients contribute little to

a plant's overall mass

Define the Casparian strip

a waterproof barrier that forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of endodermis cells

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____.

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

The embryo is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

a. diploid

The sporophyte generation is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

a. diploid

What are the main components of a mature gymnosperm seed? a. embyro b. seed coat c. megasporangium d. pollen grain e. ovule f. megaspore g. food supply

a. embryo b. seed coat g. food supply

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have: a. flowers b. a sporophyte phase c. a life cycle that involves alternation of generations d. a vascular system e. seeds

a. flowers

In the pine, microsporangia form _______ microspores by _____. a. haploid, meiosis b. haploid, mitosis c. diploid, mitosis d. diploid, meiosis e. triploid, fertilization

a. haploid, meiosis

After fertilization of the ovule, what develops into the food supply? a. megaspore b. integument c. fertilized egg

a. megaspore

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant? a. megaspores or microspores b. sperm or eggs c. male or female gametophytes

a. megaspores or microspores

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the: a. microphyle b. pollen cone c. eggs d. integument e. megaspore

a. microphyle

which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules? a. ovulate cone b. integument c. megasporangium d. megaspore

a. ovulate cone

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n): a. seed coat b. endosperm c. fruit d. sporophyte e. cotyledon

a. seed coat

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species a. stigma b. style c. ovary d. anther e. ovulate cone

a. stigma

mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by

absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae

Mycorrhizae greatly improve ___ of minerals and water from the soil.

absorption

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except ___.

active transport through xylem cells

The ___ of water to the walls of the xylem results from hydrogen bonds between water molecules and the cell walls of xylem cells.

adhesion

plants use active transport, which requires energy in form of ATP, to transport ions

against their concentration gradients

when plants are nitrogen deficient, they are unable to produce

all of the chlorophyll they need and begin to turn yellow

The Casparian strip ensures ___.

all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?

alternation of generations

nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil make nitrogen available to plants, which absorb fixed nitrogen in the form of

ammonium ions (NH4+) or nitrate ions (NO3-)

Define sink

an area where sugars are used or stored

In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.

an immature sporophyte

The opening of stomata is thought to involve ___.

an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells

A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers and then dies would be considered _____.

annual

A stamen consists of _____.

anther and filament

In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.

archegonia ... egg

All seed plants _____.

are heterosporus

Plant meristematic cells _____.

are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

In pines, the female gametophyte contains ________, each of which contains a(n) ___. a. antheridia, egg b. archegonia, egg c. archegonia, sperm cell d. microsporangia, egg cell e. antheridia, sperm cell

b. archegonia, egg

All seed plants: a. are nonvascular b. are heterosporous c. produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte d. produce flowers e. exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation

b. are heterosporous

The megaspore is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

b. haploid

the gametophyte generation is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

b. haploid

In pines, an embryo is a(n): a. immature male gametophyte b. immature sporophyte c. immature female gametophyte d. food reserve for the immature sporophyte e. seed

b. immature sporophyte

After fertilization of the ovule, what develops into the seed coat? a. megaspore b. integument c. fertilized egg

b. integument

Which of the following is found inside a pollen grain? a. the megaspore b. the male gametophyte c. the female gametophyte d. the sporophyte

b. the male gametophyte

legumes and rhizobium bacteria have evolved a mutualistic relationship in which both species

benefit

Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a water molecule did "circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back in the same day), it would require the activity of ___.

both the xylem and the phloem

weathering is the process by which solid rock is

broken down into smaller pieces and is the first step in soil formation

How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?

by the division of its cells

Human survival literally depends on the produce of: a. gymnosperms b. ginkgoes c. angiosperms d. gnetophytes e. cycads

c. angiosperms

A stamen consists of: a. ovary and sepal b. stigma and filament c. anther and filament d. stigma and anther e. stigma and style

c. anther and filament

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a: a. haploid gametophyte b. haploid sporophyte c. diploid sporophyte d. triploid endosperm e. diploid gametophyte

c. diploid sporophyte

Which of these is unique to flowering plants? a. an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue b. pollen production c. double fertilization d. a dominant sporophyte generation e. haploid gametophytes

c. double fertilization

After fertilization of the ovule, what develops into the embryo of the mature seed? a. megaspore b. integument c. fertilized egg

c. fertilized egg

though some nitrogen fixing bacteria can fix nitrogen in their free state, rhizobium bacteria

cannot fix nitrogen unless they are living inside a legume's roots

the rhizobium bacteria gain what from the plant roots they inhabit?

carbohydrates and protection

The stomata in the leaves are entry points for the ___ necessary for photosynthesis, but they are also exit points for the evaporation of water by ___.

carbon dioxide ... transpiration

acid precipitation promotes

cation exchange however, the precipitation then washes the ions away before they can diffuse into root hairs

cations, positively charged ions, in the soil solution are displacing

cations on soil particles

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to _____.

cell elongation localized in each internode

Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.

center ... surface

both the plant and the rhizobia bacteria release

chemical signals that ensure a proper match between the legume species and its specific strain of rhizobium

humus can contain minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of

chlorophyll

nitrogen is also a component of

chlorophyll

Water molecules pull on adjacent water molecules all the way down the xylem. This is possible because of the ___ of water, which is the result of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

cohesion

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

collenchyma cells

co2 molecules diffuse into the soil, where they

combine with water to release H+ and carbonate ions

As the epidermis is pushed outward and sloughed off, it is replaced by tissues produced by the _____.

cork cambium

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?

cortex ... ground tissue system

Gymnosperms were most abundant during what era? a. Carboniferous b. Paleozoic c. Cenozoic d. Mesozoic e. Precambrian

d. Mesozoic

In gymnosperms, megaspores develop into: a. ovulate cones b. pollen grains c. male gametophytes d. female gametophytes e. female sporophytes

d. female gametophytes

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? a. it functions as a diploid food reserve b. it functions as a triploid food reserve c. it is the remnant of the pollen tube d. it functions as the haploid food reserve e. it develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore

d. it functions as the haploid food reserve

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megaosporocyte (megaspore mother cell), how many survive? a. four b. three c. integuments d. one e. two

d. one

humus consists of

decomposing organic material

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____.

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants?

desiccation

roots use ion exchange to

detach positive ions from negatively charged soil particles

how do cations enter root hairs?

diffusion

An example of passive transport is the ___.

diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane

the components of the rhizosphere, the soil layer that surrounds plant roots:

dirt, fungi, bacteria

Carbon dioxide (does/does not) normally enter the plant through the roots.

does not

Which of these is unique to flowering plants?

double fertilization

plants use passive transport, which requires no energy expenditure, to transport ions

down their concentration gradients

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? a. ovaries b. stamens c. anthers d. carpels e. petals

e. petals

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as: a. male sporophytes b. megaspores c. endospores d. embryo sacs e. pollen grains

e. pollen grains

A carpel is composed of: a. ovule, megasporocyte, anther b. zygote, anther, endosperm c. petal, sepal, stamen d. ovary, ovule, anther e. stigma, style, ovary

e. stigma, style, ovary

K+ is an

elemental ion

___ filter solutes from water and allow them to pass through to the vascular tissue.

endodermal cells

Which of the following would likely not contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system?

endodermis

Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs?

endodermis

humus provides

energy for many soil organisms and is rich in nitrogen

In pine, the embryo develops within the _____.

female gametophyte

In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ .

female gametophytes

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?

female sporophyte

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____.

fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

how do prokaryotes contribute to plant health?

fix atmospheric nitrogen secrete chemicals that stimulate plant growth and protect plant roots from disease

both legumes and rhizobium bacteria gain

fixed nitrogen from their relationship

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.

flowers

what are the largest particles formed from the breakdown of rock?

gravel

Water molecules pull on adjacent water molecules all the way down the xylem. Water molecules also adhere to the walls of xylem cells, which helps to counteract the force of ___.

gravity

_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration.

guard

In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.

haploid ... meiosis

cycads

have palmlike leaves

The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____.

height ... girth

Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration?

higher stomatal density

_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules.

hydrogen

the release of CO2 into the soil results in the formation of

hydrogen ions and carbonate ions

We would expect the greatest difference in plant health between two groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae, in an environment

in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients

gnetophytes

includes three genera that vary greatly in appearance

Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____.

increase the surface area for absorption

Root hairs are most important to a plant because they ___.

increase the surface area for absorption

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____.

indeterminate

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____.

inhibit herbivory

What is the function of cork?

insulation and waterproofing

The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis (is/is not) a plant adaptation to life on land

is not

the sundew plant has to digest insects because

it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil lives in nitrogen poor soil

When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating _____.

large axillary buds

As water vapor is lost through transpiration, more water evaporates from the cell walls of ___.

leaf mesophyll cells

Hydrogen bonds are broken when water molecules evaporate inside ___.

leaves

Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____.

leaves

when irrigation water evaporates, the minerals dissolved in it are

left behind and accumulate in increasing concentrations

If a plant's stomata are closed and no transpiration is occurring, ___.

less water will be absorbed from the soil

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the forest floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves?

light

On a cloudy day with low soil moisture, the photosynthesis rate is low and stomata are closed, so the transpiration rate is ___.

low

On a dry, cloudy day, the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration in a plant are ___.

low

Root pressure can move water a short distance up the xylem because of the ___ water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

lower

nitrogen is a

macronutrient in plants, used in nucleic acids, proteins, hormones and coenzymes

micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because most serve

mainly as cofactors of enzymes

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?

male gametophyte

Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the following would not normally function as a sink?

mature leaf

Plants must always compromise between _____ and _____.

maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?

megaspores and microspores

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.

micropyle

the binding of H+ ions to soil particles displaces

mineral cations

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____.

modified leaves

Mycorrhizae are _____.

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi

Which of these are symbiotic associations?

mycorrhizae

In a polar covalent bond, the oxygen has a partial ___ charge, and each hydrogen has a partial ___ charge. These partial charges make water a polar molecule.

negative ... positive

chlorine ions are negatively charged and are therefore not likely to be bound to

negatively charged soil particles

the inorganic nutrient most often lacking in crops is

nitrogen

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of ___.

only evaporative cooling and mineral transport

ginkgos

only one living species today; leaves have fanlike appearance

decomposition of dead organisms adds

organic matter, or humus to the soil

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except

ovaries

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

pericycle

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower

petals

Structures, such as broad leaves, that enhance ___ also maximize ___. Plant form is generally a compromise between the two, depending on the plant's environment.

photosynthesis ... water loss

how do plants obtain organic molecules?

plants synthesize their own organic molecules incorporate inorganic nutrients taken up from soil into components of these organic molecules

Water and ions can pass from cell to cell via ___ which are a type of cell junction.

plasmodesmata

The chemical bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule are ___ bonds.

polar covalent

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.

pollen

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____

pollen grains

A hydrogen bond binds the slightly ___ hydrogen of one water molecule to the slightly ___ oxygen of a nearby water molecule.

positive ... negative

H+ ions bind to soil particles and displace

positive mineral ions

positively charged hydrogen ions displace

positively charged mineral ions on soil particles

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____.

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

Transpiration, the evaporation of water from leaves, exerts a ___ that bears the primary responsibility for the movement of water and solutes from ___.

pull ... roots to leaves

confires

redwoods; pines; all species produce cones

when carbon dioxide combines with water hydrogen in the soil, cations and carbonate anions are

released

root hairs achieve cation exchange by

releasing molecules that react in the soil solution to produce H+ ions, which displace the soil ions

Trichomes _____.

repel or trap insects

for an element to be considered a macronutrient, it must be

required in relatively large amounts

CO2 is a by product of

respiration

root hairs make carbon dioxide molecules during

respiration

what process is the source of CO2 that root hairs release into the soil?

respiration

dividing cortex cells form the root nodule in which the

rhizobia reside

topsoil is a mixture of

rock fragments, living organisms and humus

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

root hairs

One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the ___.

root pressure exceeds transpiration pull

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations of ___.

roots and fungi

The direction of movement in xylem is from ___. Phloem sap is transported throughout the plant from ___.

roots to leaves ... source to sink

a major long term problem resulting from excessive irrigation is accumulation of

salts in the soil

Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function?

sclerenchyma - supporting cells with thick secondary walls

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as _____.

secondary tissues

Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____.

secondary xylem

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

secondary xylem

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.

seed coat

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

sieve-tube elements

acid precipitation decreases

soil fertility

The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____.

soil via the xylem

According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, ___.

solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink

The specific relationship between a legume and its mutualistic Rhizobium strain probably depends on

specific recognition between the chemical signals and signal receptors of the Rhizobium strain and legume species.

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?

sporopollenin

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the _____.

stele

Hydrogen bonds among water molecules are responsible for the tendency of those molecules to ___.

stick together

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species

stigma

A carpel is composed of _____.

stigma style ovary

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because ___.

stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf

Phloem transports mainly ___.

sugars and amino acids

humus is necessary to

support plant growth

The evaporation of water from leaf mesophyll cells creates a ___ that pulls water up the xylem.

surface tension

___ helps pull water up the xylem and is the result of hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface of a layer of water.

surface tension

topsoil is produced by

the erosion of rock by living organisms and is rich in decomposing organic matter(humus)

What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

the evaporation of water from the leaves

once the legume and rhizobia have successfully recognized each other, the rhizobia stimulate

the formation of an infection thread in a root hair, through which the bacteria travel to reach the cortex cells of the root

Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?

the interior of a sieve tube

Define transpiration

the loss of water from the stomata of leaves

Guard cells regulate ___.

the opening and closing of stomata

nodule formation in legume roots involves elaborate communication between

the plant and the bacteria

why is the decomposition of dead organisms important for soil formation?

the process adds organic matter to the soil, which is necessary to support the growth of larger plants

soil texture does indeed affect the amount of water available to plants, but water is held best by

the smallest soil particles, clay and silt

plants require other elements besides carbon hydrogen and oxygen to grow, and they can obtain these in

the soil plants also require elements such as phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Hydrogen bonds are weak (only about 1/20 as strong as a covalent bond), so they form, break, and re-form with great frequency. However, at any instant, a substantial percentage of all water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to ___.

their neighbors

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

tracheid - vascular tissue

Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity?

tracheids and vessel elements

___ refers to the loss of water through the stomata in a plant's leaves.

transpiration

_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves.

transpiration

atmospheric nitrogen is not readily accessible to plants because of

triple bod between the two nitrogen atoms

True or False? Sugar movement in phloem can occur both upward and downward in the plant.

true

all gymnosperms

undergo alternation of generation; seeds do not form in an enclosed structure

Xylem sap moves ___; phloem sap moves ___.

up ... up or down

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

vascular cambium

Two examples of lateral meristems in plants are _____.

vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork

the plant and rhizobia exchange carbohydrates and fixed nitrogen via

vascular tissue connecting the root nodule with the main plant root

While the rate of photosynthesis and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink do influence the rate of sugar transport in the phloem, the rate of transpiration does not; transpiration mainly influences the rate of ___ transport through the xylem.

water

___ enters the xylem after it is absorbed by a plant's roots.

water

between 80 and 90 percent of the weight of a plant can be attributed to

water

which step occurs first during soil formation?

weathering of solid rock occurs

Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?

within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

Water and minerals that are taken up in the soil are transported from roots to leaves by the ___.

xylem

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new _____ to the layer's interior and _____ to the layer's exterior.

xylem ... phloem

Active transport of various materials in plants at the cellular level does NOT require ___.

xylem membranes

lacking chlorophyll can result in

yellow leaves(chlorisis)

chlorosis

yellowing of leaves