Ch. 5: EMS Research
Pilot trial
A ____________is undertaken first so you can find unforeseen obstacles to data gathering during participation in a research study. A) Null hypothesis B) Pilot trial C) Principal investigation D) Data analysis
Hypothesis
A specific question that a research study sets out to answer is called the: A) Hypothesis B) Experiment C) Metaanalysis D) Odds ratio
Sudden cardiac arrest and trauma
According to the National EMS Research Agenda, which diseases most drive EMS system design?
a prospective study
All of the EMS providers at your agency have undergone training in order to participate in a research study. The study will begin on a specific date and end when a certain number of qualifying patients are treated by your department. This would be:
What control group were the researchers studying?
All of the following are questions to ask when reviewing a study, EXCEPT: A) Was the study type appropriate? B) Was the research peer-reviewed? C) Were the results reported properly? D) What control group were the researchers studying?
considered to be highly valid.
Experiments using randomized controlled trials are:
Observational
In many situations it is unethical to withhold treatment from a group simply for the purposes of experimentation. As a result a(n) _________ study must be done. A) Observational B) Quasiexperimental C) Retrospective D) Prospective
patient outcome information.
In order to conduct useful EMS research, the researchers must have access to:
the application of scientific research.
In paramedic practice, many traditional EMS treatments have been abandoned or refined as a result of:
the mean value
Measures of central tendency include: A. the mean value. B. the range between highest and lowest values. C. the difference between the highest and lowest values. D. the sum of all values collected.
To gain informed consent
Telling participants the inclusion and exclusion criteria for enrolling patients in the study, the effect of the study on patient care in general, and the risks and potential benefits to patients in the study helps: A) To gain informed consent B) To get EMS concessions C) To identify the PI D) To determine how to publish
protect human subjects in research.
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) exists to:
Abstract
The ________ is a brief paragraph that summarizes the need for the study, the research methods used, and the results encountered. A) Abstract B) Mode C) Hypothesis D) Parameter
Discussion
The ____________ section of a research paper is where the authors interpret their findings and describe their significance. A) Summary B) Results C) Methods D) Discussion
Analysis of variance
The acronym ANOVA stands for: A) An over-variable analog B) A novel analysis C) Analysis of variance D) Abstract null overaction
Mean is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.
The difference between mean and median is which of the following? A) Mean is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value. B) There is no statistical difference between the mean and the median. C) Median is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; mean is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value. D) Mean is the value of the variance within a study, and median is a representation of the standard deviation.
the Nuremburg Code.
The first regulation to guide ethical practice in human research was the result of:
Abstract
The first thing to appear after the title and names of the authors of a research paper is the: A) Introduction B) Summary C) Abstract D) Results
Helsinki Declaration
The fundamental principles of the __________ are: respect for the individual, ability of the subject to make an informed decision about participating in the research, and assurance by the researcher that the patient's safety will be protected.
title and authors.
The information included in a research paper prior to the abstract is the:
If you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve
The mean is especially useful when the data are what statisticians call "normally distributed." This means: A) If you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve B) Values are placed into numerical order, and the middle value is determined C) The data falls within the "fiftieth percentile" D) The distribution of a group is how spread out it is, or how dispersed the data is
Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials
The most valid of all the specific study types is: A) Cross-sectional study B) Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials C) Expert opinions, editorials, rational conjecture D) Bench research
Principal investigator
The person who is overseeing a study and is familiar with requirements for informed consent is the: A) Controller B) Institutional review foreman C) Principal investigator D) Abstract editor
commonly used to assess data.
The t test, ANOVA, and chi square tests are:
main findings of the study.
The summary, or conclusion, is a very brief recap of the:
P value
This particular statistic reflects only the odds of seeing the results of a particular piece of research if the study hypothesis is true. A) Nominal data B) P value C) Chi square test D) T test
Scientific method
This process is one by which scientists endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world that is reliable, consistent, and nonarbitrary. A) Case series B) Random sampling C) Iterative process D) Scientific method
Methods
This section of a research paper describes exactly how the authors conducted the study, including what population they wished to study, how subjects were selected (and excluded), and what intervention was performed: A) Introduction B) Discussion C) Methods D) Results
Outcomes-based
This type of research can help determine whether a procedure, drug, treatment or similar strategy actually improves patient outcomes. A) Bench B) Outcomes-based C) Mixed D) Qualitative
Double-blind
This type of study does not allow the subjects or the experimenters to know who is in the control group and who is not. A) Quasiexperimental B) Cross-sectional C) Double-blind D) Single-blind
Nonrandomized controlled trials
This type of study has less validity than an RCT, but it has utility in some circumstances. The problem in this study design is that there is an increased chance that the study groups will be different. A) Cohort study B) Nonrandomized controlled trials C) Cross-sectional study D) Case series
Control group
What is a group of subjects who do not have manipulation of the independent variable called? A) Subject group B) Experimental group C) Treatment group D) Control group
Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? A) Quantitative research uses a control group; qualitative research does not use a control group. B) Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data. C) Quantitative research does not use a control group; qualitative research does use a control group. D) Qualitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; quantitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.
Observe and ask questions
What is the first step of the scientific method? A) Observe and ask questions B) Construct a hypothesis C) Conduct research and collect data D) Test the hypothesis
research
What is the key to maintaining a focus on improving community health in a cost-conscious environment?
95
What type of confidence interval would be appropriate for a research study that is potentially going to change EMS practice? A) 80 B) 85 C) 90 D) 95
Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies.
When comparing and contrasting between a retrospective and prospective study, which of the following is a TRUE statement? A) Prospective studies are generally less expensive than retrospective methodologies. B) There is more chance for the introduction of bias in the data gathering for prospective studies. C) Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies. D) Retrospective studies use a research form or instrument specifically designed for the study
In a peer review journal
Where are the results of a scientific study published, regardless of the outcome of the study? A) In a medical director paper B) In an EMS trade magazine C) In a university-based magazine D) In a peer review journal
Validity
Whether or how well a study supports the conclusions is referred to as: A) Variance B) Validity C) Bias D) Ordinal data
the abstract section
Which of the following briefly summarizes a research paper? A. The limitations section B. The methods section C. The references section D. The abstract section
IRB
Which of the following is a committee that approves, monitors, and reviews all research involving human test subjects? A. OHRP B. IRB C. HHS D. NIH
Standard deviation
Which of the following is a common measure of dispersion? A) Standard deviation B) Confidence interval C) Inferential statistics D) Ordinal data
Neither the patient nor doctor knows if the patient receives the drug or a placebo.
Which of the following is true of a double blind study involving a new medication? A. Both the doctor and the patient decide together if the new medication should be given. B. Neither the patient nor doctor knows if the patient receives the drug or a placebo. C. The patient chooses to receive either the new medication or the placebo. D. The doctor chooses the new medication or the placebo, but the patient is unaware.
All researchers
Who is responsible for ensuring each study participant provides informed consent?
Experimental
Within a(n) ____________study, subjects are randomized into either the treatment group or the control group; this type is considered among the most valid of studies. A) Experimental B) Quasiexperimental C) Observational D) Retrospective
what group you will draw your conclusions from.
You are assisting with an EMS research project and have defined the population. This means you know:
Ask a research librarian
You are having trouble finding scholarly articles related to your research topic. Which of the following is the best way to get assistance? A. Use an online search engine. B. Ask a research librarian. C. Contact your EMS instructor. D. Ask other healthcare providers.
The study was approved by the IRB.
You have located an article online and are assessing its reliability. Which of the following is a good indication it is a scholarly article? A. It is available online. B. It has at least two authors. C. It includes at least three sources. D. The study was approved by the IRB.
median.
You have placed the values of all data in numerical order and identified the middle value. This is known as the:
Quantitative research
_____________ describes phenomena in numbers. A) Prospective research B) Qualitative research C) Mixed research D) Quantitative research
Confidence intervals
______________ are very important in interpreting the value of the research results. A) Measures of central tendency B) Standard deviations C) Qualitative statistics D) Confidence intervals