Ch. 5: EMS Research

Pilot trial

A ____________is undertaken first so you can find unforeseen obstacles to data gathering during participation in a research study. A) Null hypothesis B) Pilot trial C) Principal investigation D) Data analysis

Hypothesis

A specific question that a research study sets out to answer is called the: A) Hypothesis B) Experiment C) Metaanalysis D) Odds ratio

Sudden cardiac arrest and trauma

According to the National EMS Research​ Agenda, which diseases most drive EMS system​ design?

a prospective study

All of the EMS providers at your agency have undergone training in order to participate in a research study. The study will begin on a specific date and end when a certain number of qualifying patients are treated by your department. This would​ be:

What control group were the researchers studying?

All of the following are questions to ask when reviewing a study, EXCEPT: A) Was the study type appropriate? B) Was the research peer-reviewed? C) Were the results reported properly? D) What control group were the researchers studying?

considered to be highly valid.

Experiments using randomized controlled trials​ are:

Observational

In many situations it is unethical to withhold treatment from a group simply for the purposes of experimentation. As a result a(n) _________ study must be done. A) Observational B) Quasiexperimental C) Retrospective D) Prospective

patient outcome information.

In order to conduct useful EMS​ research, the researchers must have access​ to:

the application of scientific research.

In paramedic​ practice, many traditional EMS treatments have been abandoned or refined as a result​ of:

the mean value

Measures of central tendency​ include: A. the mean value. B. the range between highest and lowest values. C. the difference between the highest and lowest values. D. the sum of all values collected.

To gain informed consent

Telling participants the inclusion and exclusion criteria for enrolling patients in the study, the effect of the study on patient care in general, and the risks and potential benefits to patients in the study helps: A) To gain informed consent B) To get EMS concessions C) To identify the PI D) To determine how to publish

protect human subjects in research.

The Institutional Review Board​ (IRB) exists​ to:

Abstract

The ________ is a brief paragraph that summarizes the need for the study, the research methods used, and the results encountered. A) Abstract B) Mode C) Hypothesis D) Parameter

Discussion

The ____________ section of a research paper is where the authors interpret their findings and describe their significance. A) Summary B) Results C) Methods D) Discussion

Analysis of variance

The acronym ANOVA stands for: A) An over-variable analog B) A novel analysis C) Analysis of variance D) Abstract null overaction

Mean is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.

The difference between mean and median is which of the following? A) Mean is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value. B) There is no statistical difference between the mean and the median. C) Median is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; mean is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value. D) Mean is the value of the variance within a study, and median is a representation of the standard deviation.

the Nuremburg Code.

The first regulation to guide ethical practice in human research was the result​ of:

Abstract

The first thing to appear after the title and names of the authors of a research paper is the: A) Introduction B) Summary C) Abstract D) Results

Helsinki Declaration

The fundamental principles of the​ __________ are: respect for the​ individual, ability of the subject to make an informed decision about participating in the​ research, and assurance by the researcher that the​ patient's safety will be protected.

title and authors.

The information included in a research paper prior to the abstract is​ the:

If you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve

The mean is especially useful when the data are what statisticians call "normally distributed." This means: A) If you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve B) Values are placed into numerical order, and the middle value is determined C) The data falls within the "fiftieth percentile" D) The distribution of a group is how spread out it is, or how dispersed the data is

Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials

The most valid of all the specific study types is: A) Cross-sectional study B) Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials C) Expert opinions, editorials, rational conjecture D) Bench research

Principal investigator

The person who is overseeing a study and is familiar with requirements for informed consent is the: A) Controller B) Institutional review foreman C) Principal investigator D) Abstract editor

commonly used to assess data.

The t​ test, ANOVA, and chi square tests​ are:

main findings of the study.

The​ summary, or​ conclusion, is a very brief recap of​ the:

P value

This particular statistic reflects only the odds of seeing the results of a particular piece of research if the study hypothesis is true. A) Nominal data B) P value C) Chi square test D) T test

Scientific method

This process is one by which scientists endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world that is reliable, consistent, and nonarbitrary. A) Case series B) Random sampling C) Iterative process D) Scientific method

Methods

This section of a research paper describes exactly how the authors conducted the study, including what population they wished to study, how subjects were selected (and excluded), and what intervention was performed: A) Introduction B) Discussion C) Methods D) Results

Outcomes-based

This type of research can help determine whether a procedure, drug, treatment or similar strategy actually improves patient outcomes. A) Bench B) Outcomes-based C) Mixed D) Qualitative

Double-blind

This type of study does not allow the subjects or the experimenters to know who is in the control group and who is not. A) Quasiexperimental B) Cross-sectional C) Double-blind D) Single-blind

Nonrandomized controlled trials

This type of study has less validity than an RCT, but it has utility in some circumstances. The problem in this study design is that there is an increased chance that the study groups will be different. A) Cohort study B) Nonrandomized controlled trials C) Cross-sectional study D) Case series

Control group

What is a group of subjects who do not have manipulation of the independent variable called? A) Subject group B) Experimental group C) Treatment group D) Control group

Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? A) Quantitative research uses a control group; qualitative research does not use a control group. B) Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data. C) Quantitative research does not use a control group; qualitative research does use a control group. D) Qualitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; quantitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.

Observe and ask questions

What is the first step of the scientific method? A) Observe and ask questions B) Construct a hypothesis C) Conduct research and collect data D) Test the hypothesis

research

What is the key to maintaining a focus on improving community health in a​ cost-conscious environment?

95

What type of confidence interval would be appropriate for a research study that is potentially going to change EMS practice? A) 80 B) 85 C) 90 D) 95

Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies.

When comparing and contrasting between a retrospective and prospective study, which of the following is a TRUE statement? A) Prospective studies are generally less expensive than retrospective methodologies. B) There is more chance for the introduction of bias in the data gathering for prospective studies. C) Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies. D) Retrospective studies use a research form or instrument specifically designed for the study

In a peer review journal

Where are the results of a scientific study published, regardless of the outcome of the study? A) In a medical director paper B) In an EMS trade magazine C) In a university-based magazine D) In a peer review journal

Validity

Whether or how well a study supports the conclusions is referred to as: A) Variance B) Validity C) Bias D) Ordinal data

the abstract section

Which of the following briefly summarizes a research​ paper? A. The limitations section B. The methods section C. The references section D. The abstract section

IRB

Which of the following is a committee that​ approves, monitors, and reviews all research involving human test​ subjects? A. OHRP B. IRB C. HHS D. NIH

Standard deviation

Which of the following is a common measure of dispersion? A) Standard deviation B) Confidence interval C) Inferential statistics D) Ordinal data

Neither the patient nor doctor knows if the patient receives the drug or a placebo.

Which of the following is true of a double blind study involving a new​ medication? A. Both the doctor and the patient decide together if the new medication should be given. B. Neither the patient nor doctor knows if the patient receives the drug or a placebo. C. The patient chooses to receive either the new medication or the placebo. D. The doctor chooses the new medication or the​ placebo, but the patient is unaware.

All researchers

Who is responsible for ensuring each study participant provides informed​ consent?

Experimental

Within a(n) ____________study, subjects are randomized into either the treatment group or the control group; this type is considered among the most valid of studies. A) Experimental B) Quasiexperimental C) Observational D) Retrospective

what group you will draw your conclusions from.

You are assisting with an EMS research project and have defined the population. This means you​ know:

Ask a research librarian

You are having trouble finding scholarly articles related to your research topic. Which of the following is the best way to get​ assistance? A. Use an online search engine. B. Ask a research librarian. C. Contact your EMS instructor. D. Ask other healthcare providers.

The study was approved by the IRB.

You have located an article online and are assessing its reliability. Which of the following is a good indication it is a scholarly​ article? A. It is available online. B. It has at least two authors. C. It includes at least three sources. D. The study was approved by the IRB.

median.

You have placed the values of all data in numerical order and identified the middle value. This is known as​ the:

Quantitative research

_____________ describes phenomena in numbers. A) Prospective research B) Qualitative research C) Mixed research D) Quantitative research

Confidence intervals

______________ are very important in interpreting the value of the research results. A) Measures of central tendency B) Standard deviations C) Qualitative statistics D) Confidence intervals