Bio 1306 Final Pt. 2

An organism has a relatively large number of the homeotic Hox genes in its genome. Which statement is most likely to be true?

Has a relatively complex anatomy

Biologist have long been curious about factors related to species richness. Which statement is false

Species richness is usually maximum at intermediate habitat size

Why are food chains relatively short?

Energy transfer between levels is insufficient

Which of the following graphs illustrate how you would expect the doubling time of a population to change overtime if the species is growing exponentially

Straight horizontal line

Mark each statement as T/f? 1. bioremediation is the process of using plants or lichens to remove contaminants from a polluted environment 2. adding nitrogen-fixing plant species to enrich overexploited areas is an example of biological augmentation 3. About half of the solar energy reaching earth is captured by terrestrial plant communities 4. the rate of decomposition, unlike that of net primary production, is not influenced by temperature

TTFF

Which of the following species forms a monophyletic group?

E, F, and G

A human population which has a low birth rate and a low death rate which are in balance,

Will most likely have relatively well educated women

Which of the following statements about r/K Life histories is correct?

K-selected species typically provide significant care for their offspring

Which of the following correctly ranks these organisms in order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency?

Mammals, fish, insects

Consider the following phylogenic tree. Mark each statement has to sure false. 1. the lineage leading two salamanders was the first to diverge from the other lineages. 2. lizards are more closely related to goats than to salamanders 3. salamanders are more closely related to goats and they are to humans 4. the group highlighted by shading is monophyletic

TTFF

In what ways what a community with high species diversity differ from one of lower diversity? 1. higher productivity 2. slower recovery from disturbance 3. lower resistance to invasion from non-native species 4. More year-to-year stability

1 & 4

Rocky Mount Juniper and one-seeded juniper have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable? Sympatric species prezygotic isolation Postzygotic isolation allopatric species Habitat isolation Reduced hybrid fertility

1 and 2

If two organisms have significant overlap of their fundamental niches, what could happen? 1. one will become extinct while the other survives to occupy the niche 2. one will prey on the other 3. One or both species will adjust their niches so that competition will be minimized 4. one species will become a parasite and the other a host species

1 or 3 are possible

Which of the following statements is/are false? (select from a-e) 1. aquatic biomes are defined by the types of plants living in the water 2. terrestrial plans are rarely nitrogen limited because 78% of air is nitrogen gas 3. the atmosphere is not a major reservoir of an organic carbon 4. photosynthesis and respiration are important factors impacting the carbon cycle 5. in aquatic environments the thermocline separates the warm surface layer from cooler water beneath.

1, 2 and 3

Which of the following is/are false? 1. the fact that human babies generally have birth weights between 5 pounds and 9 pounds is an example of disruptive selection 2. sexual selection frequently focuses on traits found to be correlated with "good genes" 3. the average heterozygosity in most animal species is thought to be >75% 4. in frequency depended selection the fitness of genotype depends on how common it is in the population

1, 3

Which of the following statements is/are false? 1. Summers occur during the portion of the Earth's orbit when it is closer to the sun 2. aquatic biomes are not primarily structured by annual average temperature 3. "ecology" considers interactions among animals and plants, but not abiotic factors 4. deserts do not always have very warm daily average temperatures 5. about half the water on planet Earth is freshwater found in lakes and rivers

1, 3 and 5

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on earth? 1. Origin of photosynthesis 2. Origin of land-dwelling organisms 3. Origin of eukaryotic cells 4. Origin of multi cellular organisms

1, 3, 4, 2

The logistic growth model makes two key assumptions. Which are they? 1. the population is under heavy predation pressure. 2. the population growth rate adjust immediately to changes in resources. 3. the population in question has not yet exceeded the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. 4. any increase in population has a negative impact on population growth.

2 & 4

Which of the following statements about populations is/are false? (select from a-e) 1. populations are more likely to have a clumped distribution than a random one. 2. All species we know of stop growing when they reach the environmental carrying capacity. 3. the process of "demographic transition" applies only to humans and not to other animal species. 4. resource competition is a common density-dependent factor for most populations as population density increases. 5. immigration rates are interesting, but do not impact population demographics

2 & 5

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct to sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection and a changing environment? 1. well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adopted individuals 2. A change occurs in the environment 3. genetic frequencies within the population change 4. poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship

2 --> 4 --> 1 --> 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? 1. formation of protocells 2. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers) 3. formation of organic macromolecules (polymers) 4. formation of RNA-based genetics systems

2, 3, 1, 4

Which of the following are considered the three major threats to global biodiversity? (select from a-e) 1. predatory-prey cycles 2. habitat loss 3. parasitism 4. invasive exotic species 5. human overexploitation

2, 4, 5

An organisms was found buried in ice that has one- sixteen than normal proportion of Carbon 14 to Carbon 12. If the half-life of C 14 is about 5730 years-how old is this organism?

20,000-25,000

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four appendages (limbs) is _____________.

A shared ancestral character

Which of the following statements about human population growth is/are false? 1. the human population age structure of Afghanistan (like that most of the developing world) is pyramid-shaped, indicating rapid population growth 2. at the current grade of growth of 1.12% per year, the population of earth is projected to reach 15 billion in <70 years 3. most of the projected population increase in the next century will take place in developed countries like the USA because the strong economies and high standards of living will support additional people. 4. the level of resource utilization by residents of the USA is much larger than the size believed to be sustainable for the entire world 5. the recent decline in human population growth rates is thought to be related to the fact that we are quickly approaching carrying capacity and resources are now limiting

3, 5

Suppose 64% of residents on a remote mountain village can taste (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy Weinberg expectations for this gene, which percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait?

48%

Which of the following is not true about ecological communities?

A keystone species is the species in the community that is most abundant

Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. these air pollutants are directly responsible for ___________.

Acid precipitation

Insect wings may have begun to evolve as early extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipators for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air. Additional selection refined them as flight-producing wings. If this hypothesis is correct, modern insect wings would be an example of _________________.

An exaptation

And mountainous of western North America, north-facing slopes would be expected to

Be cooler and more moist than a comparable southern exposed slopes

This process likely causes the observed high concentrations of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds.

Biological magnification

Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?

Bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry (both species present) versus zones of allopatry (only one species present)?

Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry

During an individual organism's lifetime, which of these is most likely to help the organism respond properly to changes in its environment?

Change in gene expression

Which of the following is true?

Communities that suffer frequent disturbances would be more likely to be dominated by "r"-selected species than infrequently disturbed communities

Some beetles have antlers-like structures on their head and fight for the right to mate, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in both beetle and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of

Convergent evolution

Which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations?

Decreased genetics difference between the two populations

Recall that Clement's "equilibrium" view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's "non-equilibrium" view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently and controlled more by random factors. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allow them to be naturally colonized, what result would we expect Gleason (non-equilibrium) had a more accurate view of communities than did Clements (equilibrium)?

Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds

Kilimanjaro question

Downward slope

Mark each of the following statements about the MacArthur/Wilson Island equilibrium model as T/F? 1. as a number of species on an island increases, the rate of local extinction goes down. 2. as the number of species on an island increases, the successful immigration rate to the island decreases. 3. a small island will have a lower immigrant rate for new species in a similarly located large island. 4. Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates and distant islands

FTTF

Mark each statement as T/F? 1. in a terrestrial community food chain, the biomass of herbivore trophic level will be much lower than that of the carnivore trophic level due to heavy predation 2. most plant biomass in a community is never eaten by an herbivore 3. terrestrial plants form mutualistic relationships with fungi and other microorganisms to enhance nutrient uptake from soils 4. the primary carnivore trophic level would usually have about 30% of the energy of the primary producer level

FTTF

The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium principle outlines conditions under which allelic the genetic profile of a population remains unchanged. Which answer correctly categorizes each statement as true or false? 1. nonrandom mating will increase the average heterozygosity of the population 2. a large population size ensures that allelic frequency does not vary due to random chance 3. the relative fitness of all genotypes must be equal (= no selection) 4. beneficial but not deleterious mutations can occur

FTTF

Mark each statement as T or F concerning the genetic variation 1. genetic variation is caused by the direct action of natural selection 2. most mutations causing genetic variation are detrimental 3. genetic variation must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population 4. a population that has a higher average heterozygosity should be better suited to surviving a changing climate than a population with low heterozygous

FTTT

Consider an area that historically been a grassland. Which characteristic is most likely to be related to the number of trees now surviving per acre of land (current tree density)?

Frequency of fire

Suppose that females of the species of beetles preferred to meet with males that have relatively rare color patterns. This observation would be an illustration of:

Frequency-dependent selection

Which of the following statements about speciation is true?

Generalist herbivorous insect probability have lower rates of speciation than similar sized pollinators

If all individuals and the last remaining population of a particular frog species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to prevent the species from going extinct?

Genetic diversity

Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequency in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a pre-condition for its occurrence?

Genetic drift

Which of the following conditions is the best indicator of a population in an extinction vortex?

Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic diversity over time

Which of the following is the most likely sequence of events and adaptive speciation involving geographic isolation?

Geographic barrier, genetic divergence, reproductive incompatibility

As climate changes because of global warming, species' ranges in the northern hemisphere may shift northward. The trees that are most likely to avoid extinction in such an environment are those that

Have seeds that are easily dispersed by wind or animals

Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, and can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined, thereby producing a genetically distinctive virus, which may subsequently cause widespread disease. The production of new flu virus in the manner described above is most similar to the phenomenon of

Horizontal gene transfer

Which statement is false?

Increased CO2 and atmosphere cost the recent appearance of the "ozone hole"

After the drought of 1977, researchers hypothesized that on the Galapagos Islands Daphne Major, medium ground benches with large, deep beaks survived to better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily cracking eat the tough fruits. A tourist company sets up feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of these events is now most likely to occur to Finch beaks on this island?

Increased variation in beak size and shape overtime

Darwinian natural selection is based on all of the following except

Individuals adapt to their environments and, so their offspring are better able to survive and reproduce

According to the theory of evolution, what are adaptations?

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their reproductive capacity

A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors caused the population to increase in mortality and lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control?

Members of this mouse population have weaker immune systems and are more susceptible to disease

Why is net to primary production (NPP) a more useful measurement to an ecosystem ecologist interested in trophic energy transfer then gross primary production (GPP)?

NPP represents the stored chemical energy that is available to consumers in ecosystem

Which of the following processes is the only one we believe results in evolutionary adaptation?

Natural selection

Certain woodpecker-like African birds have become specialized for removing and eating ticks and parasitic insects from the bodies of large herbivores. The relationship between the birds and the ticks is an example of...

None of the above

Molecular data placed the giant panda in the bear family replace the lesser panda a replace a lesser panda in the lesser panda. If this molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the physical similarities of these two species is most likely due to __________________.

Possession of analogous (convergent) traits

The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species. The hybrids were first described in 1758 and have a wider distribution, from France across central Europe to Russia. Both male and female hybrids exist, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this information?

Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frogs species

Which of the following statements about oceanic primary production is false?

Production is high an upwelling water because it is clear and releases the community from light limitation

Which of the following statements is false?

Rain and snow of low pH (acid precipitation) is a direct consequence of warmer temperatures associated with climate change

Use the graph to answer the following question. In 1963 the Keystone predator was removed from one area, but not the other. What does the graph tell you about the effect of a keystone species?

Removing a keystone species from the community drastically reduces species richness

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the lavatory and isolated the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of ________________.

Resource partitioning

The first genetic material on earth was probably _______________.

Self-replicating RNA molecules

The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that apparently existed among the cichlids of Lake Malawi in the past is:

Sexual selection

The term convergent evolution is most applicable to which of the following features?

Similar shape of dolphins and tuna

Mark each statement as T/F? 1. climate change is thought to be related to changing composition of the earth's atmosphere to include gases that are better insulators 2. climate change will likely change the frequency of severe weather events like droughts and floods 3. estimates of "effective population size" focuses only on females, since they are the ones that will control reproduction rates 4. humans have significantly increase the amount of bioavailable nitrogen on the planet

TTFT

The antifreeze proteins found in fish that live in very cold waters has evolved independently and the Arctic and in the Antarctic, and not because of shared ancestry. Which of the following can be said with most certainty?

The anti-freeze proteins and Arctic and Antarctic fish are analogous (homoplasies)

Which of the following statements about ozone is false?

The loss of ozone from the stratosphere will increase planet productivity since more light will reach the earth's surface

If the bacterium experiences a high metabolic cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing?

These bacteria will be outcompeted in mostly replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry?

Two species of unpalatable butterflies that have the same color pattern

The most dramatic mass extinction in Earth's history, which destroyed about 96% of the marine species, occurred as Pangaea began to break apart and was caused by:

Warming due to greenhouse gases released by volcanoes

Bagworm moth caterpillars feed on evergreens and carry a silken case or bag around with them in which they eventually pupate. Adult female bagworm moths are larval in appearance; they lack the wings and other structures of the adult male and instead retain the appearance of a Catapillar even though they are sexually mature and can lay eggs within the bag. This is a good example of

heterchrony or paedomorphosis

Which of the following is/are not considered key factors structuring terrestrial plant communities? 1. temperature 2. annual average day length 3. annual amount of snow/rain received 4. frequency of disturbance 5. soil fertility

only 2

Class Reptilia includes most of the descendants of the common ancestor, but excludes birds (class aves, which are also descended from that ancestral lineage). The taxon Reptilia would be most correctly referred to as:

paraphyletic

Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of the speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it?

sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation