BIO 140 Final Exam Guide

Rank the following in their likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. This means to list them as 1. for the most likely, 2. for the second most likely, etc. In no particular order..... contaminated surfaces contaminated food aerosol or droplets sexual contact

1. Aerosol or droplets 2. Contaminated surfaces 3. Contaminated food 4. Sexual contact

The book describes the epidemics of Ebola that have occurred in Africa. Which of the following would indicate there is a current epidemic of Ebola?

A large number of cases in three weeks

On the CDC website we saw a list of notifiable diseases. How would you define a notifiable disease?

A notifiable disease would be any disease that is required to be reported to higher authorities. This would include other illnesses such as COVID-19 or diseases such as Malaria and others.

Which is the following is an example of a zoonosis?

A squirrel biting a human and transferring rabies virus

Which of the following is an example of syndromic surveillance?

A website surveys people on their symptoms of COVID-19

Each year thousands of people are infected by West Nile Virus through a mosquito bite, though they never develop symptoms. This is an example of:

An asymptomatic infection

What is the term used to describe someone who tests positive for COVID-19 but has a normal temperature and exhibits no cough?

Asymptomatic

Once a patient is infected with SARS-CoV-2 and begins to generate an antibody response, where will these antibodies be found in the body?

Blood

In using convalescent plasma, what is the source of the antibodies used to prevent or reduce COVID-19?

Blood plasma from human volunteers recovered from COVID-19

The Long Island Breast Cancer Study tested the hypothesis that environmental pollution was causing the relatively high rates of breast cancer among residents of Suffolk and Nassau counties of New York. Epidemiologists identified a group of 1,420 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1984 and 1986 and compared their residential histories over a 20 year period with those of a matched group of healthy women. What kind of epidemiologic study was this?

Case-control

MIS-C is an inflammatory syndrome that results from infection by SARS-CoV-2. This syndrome is typically associated with:

Children

Which of the following statements about clinical trials of new drugs is true?

Clinical trial results are only reported if they involve taxpayer funding

Which of the following activities is not part of the CDC's responsibilities?

Conduct research on the basic physiology of the heart

In a cohort study that found an association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer, 20,000 middle-aged men were asked about their drinking habits and then tracked for five years to watch for the development of cancer. Researchers asked the men about their diet and exercise habits, but not about smoking. What is the most likely source of error in this study?

Confounding variables

Which of the following conditions would increase the likelihood of someone developing a more severe form of COVID-19? A) Use of tobacco B) Obesity C) Type I diabetes D) All of the above

D) All of the above

The letters of the acronym FOAM used in chapter 4 to discuss preventing the spread of COVID-19.

F = Facemask O = Outside A = Airflow M = Measurable Distance

Almost all coronaviruses found in bats have the ability to infect humans.

False

In rare instances, mosquitoes have been shown to transmit SARS-CoV-2 from one human to another.

False

In testing of samples previously taken, it has been shown that COVID-19 was circulating in the US as far back as November 2019.

False

Negative-sense RNA means it can be directed translated and used by the newly formed virions.

False

Peer review is the process of researchers sharing their results on social media.

False

Remdesivir was first developed to treat coronavirus infections.

False

The difference between an epidemic and pandemic is that once the number of cases is over 1,000,000, it is considered a pandemic.

False

Type 1 and 2 diabetes are the same disease, but experienced in children (type 1) or adults (type 2)

False

Which feature do both SARS and MERS have in common that is not shared with COVID-19?

Fatality rate of 10% or greater

The most common symptom of COVID-19 is:

Fever

A cytokine storm results from a ____________ system out of balance in the body.

Immune

Which of the following is NOT a method of culturing viruses?

In a glucose solution

Predict where the N protein from SARS-CoV-2 would be found in an infected human cell.

In the cytoplasm of the cell

Chapter 2 of the text discusses the role of Vitamin D and COVID-19. What is our current understanding of the impact of Vitamin D on the severity of COVID-19?

Increased levels of vitamin D may reduce severity of COVID-19, little support by data

Symptom trackers have been used since 2007 to assist in identifying outbreaks of which disease?

Influenza

Which of the following statements is generally consistent with good public health policy?

Laws against selling cocaine are a generally acceptable limit on individual freedom.

Which of the following carries out core public health functions, such as sanitation?

Local public health agencies

The now discredited paper by Wakefield and colleagues on the MMR vaccine has been retracted by the journal (The Lancet) it was originally published in. Why was it removed?

No other researchers have been able to confirm their findings

Which of the currently approved treatments for COVID-19 have shown benefits for patients with mild forms of the disease. hydroxychloroquine? dexamethasone? remdesivir?

None of these

Grouping viruses together that have single stranded DNA would be based on what criteria?

Nucleic acid composition

What is a feature shared by SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS?

Origin from bats

The definition of lysogeny is

Phage DNA is incorporated into host cell DNA

For an enveloped virus, the envelope is acquired during which stage of replication?

Release

A clinical trial has been completed on a vaccine for COVID-19. When the researchers calculate an odds ratio of the association between vaccination and development of COVID-19, it is calculated to be 0.1. What does this mean?

Someone receiving the vaccine is 10 times less likely to develop COVID-19 than an unvaccinated person

In HIV screening tests, it is critical that a patient is not diagnosed with a false negative. Therefore tests must have very high:

Specificity

What is the main focus of epidemiology?

The main focus of epidemiology is to identify the factors that are related to the spread of disease. By identifying the factors (both based on causation and risk factors), we would be able to find ways to rationally prevent the spread of this disease to others.

The total number of people with HIV on Jan. 1, 2020 would be described by which of the following terms?

The prevalence of HIV

What is the suspected role of the pangolin in the origin of COVID-19 infections in humans?

The suspected role of the pangolin in the origin of the COVID-19 infections is that evidence suggests that pangolins have the ability to infect humans. It has been identified that pangolins have similar illnesses that are present in human cells.

What is happening during the assembly step in the viral replication cycle?

The translated proteins and copied genetic material form new viral particles

A low p-value means:

There is a low probability that the result occurred by chance

Which of the following is not true of cohort studies?

They usually use a placebo

What is unique about HeLa cells compared to other cells in the body?

They will continue to divide outside the body

Influenza E has been found to have a host range of goats, sheep and pigs. What does this mean?

Those are the only animals that can be infected by this virus

Epidemiologic data can be used to directly develop policy and influence population health.

True

If a community has an R-naught less than 1, the number of cases must be decreasing.

True

In some cases, companies can be negatively impacted by public health decisions.

True

It is possible for someone to test negative in a viral diagnostic test but test positive in an antibody test.

True

Public health focuses on populations, whereas medicine focuses on individuals.

True

The SARS-CoV-2 genome appears to be changing over time, acquiring new genetic changes that could alter its properties.

True

The government alone cannot achieve the objectives of public health

True

While the majority of deaths from COVID-19 are observed in adults over 45, infections of SARS-CoV-2 are seen across all age ranges.

True

A diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 involves a cotton swab removing cells from the nasal passages. What material are you hoping to recover in order to complete this test?

Viral RNA from the cells

Which of the following statements about viruses is false?

Virus genetic material contains can only consist of DNA

In which of the following ways do viruses differ from bacteria and other living organisms?

Viruses are not composed of cells

Pseudoscience can be described as: a) Products that sound scientific but have no data to support b)All of these are examples of pseudoscience c)Anecdotal evidence on a scientific product d)Phenomenon that have no way to be tested

b) All of these are examples of pseudoscience

The goal of the polymerase chain reaction is to:

make copies of DNA

Koch's postulates are important to connect............

microorganisms or pathogens to the infection and spread of a specific disease.

R-naught is often used to predict the rate of _____________ for an infectious disease.

spread

The idea of herd immunity is that if enough people within a population are immune to a disease, either from infection or vaccination, ____________ can be prevented.

the number of susceptible hosts