BIO 141 Exam 2 -Skeletal-
There are ___ lumbar vertebra
5
There are ___ sacral vertebra
5
How many true ribs are there?
7
There are ___ cervical vertebra.
7
How many cranial bones are there?
8
Calcium levels are regulated by what 3 hormones?
Calcitriol, Calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone
Which two hormones are released together to regulate calcium levels?
Calcitrol and Parathyroid hormone
-Communication between nerves & muscles -Muscle contractions (including the heart) -Blood Clotting -Signaling within cells These are all examples of how __________ levels affect the body.
Calcium
Inorganic Matrix contains what part?
Calcium/Mineral part
Bones bound to each other by cartilage is what kind of joint?
Cartilaginous joints
Organic matrix contains what part?
Collagen/Protein part
Collagen fibers extend from periosteum into bone matrix firmly attaches periosteum; Fibers are continuous with tendons of muscles firmly attaching muscles to bone - embedded in bone matrix
Perforating fibers
Is "Supraorbital Notch" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Temporal Bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Zygomatic Process" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "temporal Lines" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
What surface feature is "Alveolus" a part of?
Depressions
What surface feature is "Fossa" a part of?
Depressions
What surface feature is "Fovea" a part of?
Depressions
What surface feature is "Sulcus" a part of?
Depressions
Function of osteocytes?
Detect stress on bones and signal osteoblasts to deposit more bone matrix where the stress is detected (thicken bone in those areas)
Long narrow shaft of long bones
Diaphysis
Begins when cells in embryonic tissue differentiates into chondroblasts?
Endochondral Ossification
Produces most other bones by transforming cartilage "model" into bone?
Endochondral Ossification
Thin layer of connective tissue lining inside the bone; Lines internal surface of bone - in the medullary cavity; Also contains osteogenic cells (osteoblasts & osteoclasts)
Endosteum
Where diaphysis & epiphysis have fused when growth is completed in adults - cartilage ossified to bone
Epiphyseal Line
"Slab" of hyaline cartilage separating epiphysis & diaphysis in children
Epiphyseal plate
Expanded heads found at the ends of long bones - separate pieces of bone in children, fuse to diaphysis in adults
Epiphysis
What bone are the Perpendicular Plate, Crista Galli, Cribriform Plate, Superior Nasal Conchae, and Middle Nasal Conchae a part of?
Ethmoid Bone
What surface feature is "Crest" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Epicondyle" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Line" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Process" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Ramus" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Spine" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Trochanter" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Tubercle" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
What surface feature is "Tuberosity" a part of?
Extensions & Projections
Is the "Inferior Nasal Conchae" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Is the "Lacrimal bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Is the "Mandible" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Is the "Maxilla" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Is the "Nasal bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Is the "Palatine bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Is the "Vomer" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Is the "Zygomatic bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
What are the 4 types of joints?
Fibrous Joints, Cartilaginous Joints, Boney Joints, Synovial Joints
Joint where collagen fibers exit matrix of one bone & enter matrix of another
Fibrous joint
define gliding joint
Flat articular surfaces - bones slide over each other
What is the function of the organic matrix?
Flexability
What takes place during the secondary ossification centers?
Forms the epiphysis
What bone are Frontal Eminence, Supraorbital Margin, Supraorbital Notch, and Glabella a part of?
Frontal Bone
Yellow marrow that becomes like jelly in old age is called what?
Gelatinous bone marrow
This type of fibrous join has very little movement
Gomphoses
What are the 4 stages of the healing process after a bone is broken?
Hematoma formation, Formation of granulation tissue, Callus formation, and Remodeling
Sluggish, non-responsive NS & muscles, emotional disturbances, and muscle weakness are symptoms of what?
Hypercalcemia
What is excess blood Calcium called?
Hypercalcemia
Excessive excitability in NS & muscles and muscle tetany are symptoms of what?
Hypocalcemia
What is ↓ blood calcium levels called?
Hypocalcemia
Osteocytes are found where?
Inside lacunae & are connected to blood supply via canaliculi
What kind of growth occurs at epiphyseal plates in children?
Interstitial Growth
What kind of growth adds length to bones?
Interstitial growth
Begins when cells in sheets of embryonic Fibrous Connective Tissue differentiates into osteogenic cells?
Intramembranous Ossification
Produces flat bones (skull & clavicle) from embryonic membrane?
Intramembranous Ossification
Function of diaphysis
Leverage for movement
Where are osteogenic cells found?
Lining the endosteum and the inner periosteum
What are the 4 types of bones?
Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones
Lattice of slender rods, plates & spines - looks like sponge but it is calcified & hard; Arranged along lines of stress
Trabeculae
What bone are the Mandibular Condyle, Mandibular Notch, Mental Foramen, Aveolar Process, Coronoid Process, Mandibular Foramen, and Mental Protuberance a part of?
Mandible
What bone are the Incisive Foramen, Infraorbital Foramen, Palatine Processes, and Zygomatic Processes a part of?
Maxilla
Center space enclosed by compact bone which contains yellow marrow - where blood cells are made?
Medullary cavity
Crystallization process; Ions (Ca+, PO4-3 etc) taken from blood & deposited into bone tissue - mineralization or calcification?
Mineral Deposition
Dissolving process; Minerals dissolved from bone & released into blood now available for other uses by the body?
Mineral Resorption
What are the 3 types of movement in joints?
Monaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial
What is the function of Yellow bone marrow?
No blood production, but can convert to red marrow if needed
Small holes on surface of bone are called what?
Nutrient foramina
What bone are Occipital Condyles, Superior & Inferior Nuchal Lines, Foramen Magnum, and External Occipital Protuberance a part of?
Occipital Bone
define pivot joint
One bone has a projection that fits into a ring-like ligament of another
Process of bone formation during fetal development
Ossification
These bone forming cells synthesis & secrete organic matrix (proteins) & mineralize bone
Osteoblasts
Which cells neutralize inhibitors so crystallization occurs in bones?
Osteoblasts
Bone dissolving cells; Large cells with many nuclei and a ruffled side that faces the bone matrix; Ruffled side surface area for absorption of bone matrix; Secrete acid & enzymes to dissolve it
Osteoclasts
Osteoblast turn into these and they mature & become trapped in matrix as they secrete it all around themselves
Osteocytes
These cells differentiate into other bone cells; Multiply & become either 1osteoblasts, 2chondroblasts , 3osteoclasts;
Osteogenic cells
Which cells are known as stem cells?
Osteogenic cells
Hormone secreted by parathyroid to ↑ blood Ca++
Parathyroid Hormone
What bone are the Temporal Lines a part of?
Parietal Bones
What surface feature is "Canal" a part of?
Passages
What surface feature is "Fissure" a part of?
Passages
What surface feature is "Foramen" a part of?
Passages
What surface feature is "Meatus" a part of?
Passages
Function of articular cartilage
eases movements, pads joint
fibrous capsule enclosing cavity
joint capsule
strip or sheet of CT, binds bone to bone
ligament
pad of cartilage between bones
meniscus
what kind of movement does a gliding joint make?
monaxial
what kind of movement does a pivot joint make?
monaxial
What kind of movement does a ball and socket joint make?
multiaxial
What kind of movement does a hinge socket make?
multiaxial
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
There are ___ thoracic vertebra
12
How many facial bones are there?
14
How many floating ribs are there?
2
How many false ribs are there?
3
What kind of growth occurs at bone's external surface in adults?
Appositional Growth
What kind of growth adds mass to bones?
Appositional growth
Hyaline cartilage lining joint surfaces; "Caps" of cartilage on ends of long bones (between bones)
Articular cartilage
layer hyaline cartilage, covers adjoining surfaces of bones
Articular cartilage
space containing synovial fluid?
Articular cavity
Synovial joints include which 7 things in their structure?
Articular cavity, articular cartilage, joint capsule, meniscus, ligament, tendon, and bursa
What surface feature is "Condyle" a part of?
Articulations
What surface feature is "Facet" a part of?
Articulations
What surface feature is "Head" a part of?
Articulations
What surface feature is "Trochlea" a part of?
Articulations
Cervical vertebra c1 is called____________?
Atlas
Cervical vertebra c2 is called____________?
Axis
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Ball & socket, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Gliding, Condyloid
Joint where two bones have fused, becoming one bone
Bony joints
Hormone secreted by thyroid to ↓ blood Ca++; Released when blood calcium level is too high
Calcitonin
Form of vitamin D that helps ↑ blood Ca++
Calcitriol
Dense bone which creates outer "cylinder" on long bones and creates outer part of "sandwich" in skull and other flat bones?
Compact bone
Is "Carotid Canal" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Cribriform" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Crista Galli" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Ethmoid Bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "External Auditory Meatus" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "External Occipital Protuberance" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Foramen Magnum" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Foramen Ovale" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Foramen Rotundum" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Foramen Spinosum" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Frontal Bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Frontal Eminence" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Glabella" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Greater or Lesser Wings" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Internal Auditory Meatus" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Jugular Foramen" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Mandibular Fossa" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Mastoid Process" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Middle Nasal Conchae" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Occipital Bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Occipital Condyles" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Optic Foramen" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Parietal Bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Perpendicular Plate" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Pterygoid Processes" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Sella Turcica and Body" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Sphenoid Bone" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Styloid Process" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Superior & Inferior Nuchal Lines" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Superior Nasal Conchae" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Superior Orbital Fissure" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Is "Supraorbital Margin" a cranial or facial bone?
Cranial
Fibrous sheath of connective tissue wraps around the outside of bones; Outer fibrous layer of tough collagen; Inner layer is osteogenic - it contains bone forming cells that are important for healing
Periosteum
Where are osteoclasts found?
Periosteum and endosteum
What are the 3 stages of Endochondral Ossification?
Primary ossification Center, Metaphysis, and Secondary Ossification Center
Reticular tissue saturated with immature blood cells & adipocytes
Red bone marrow
bones, cartilages, ligaments & tendons make up __________?
Skeletal System
Define Ball and Socket joints
Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
What bone are Superior Orbital Fissure, Greater & Lesser Wings, Pterygoid Processes, Sella Turcica, Optic Foramen, Foramen Rotundum, Foramen Ovale, and Foramen Spinosum a part of?
Sphenoid Bone
Loosely organized bone, found at ends of long bones and found in the middle of other bone types?
Spongy bone
What is the function of the inorganic matrix?
Strength
What are the 2 types of fractures?
Stress fracture, and pathological fracture
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
Support and Protection, Blood formation, Electrolyte balance, Acid-base balance, detoxification
Function of epiphysis
Surface area for muscle attachment
This type of fibrous joint is a immovable fibrous joint
Sutures
Cartilaginous joints whose bones are joined by fibrocartilage are called what?
Symphyses
Cartilaginous joints whose bones are joined by hyaline cartilage are called what?
Synchondroses
This type of fibrous joint is the most movable
Syndesmoses
2 bones separated by space filled with synovial fluid - Move freely
Synovial joints
What bone are Zygomatic Process, Madibular Fossa, External Auditory Meatus, Jugular Foramen, Mastoid Process, Carotid Canal, Styloid Process, and Internal Auditory Meatus a part of?
Temporal Bones
Function of epiphyseal plate
Where growth occurs in children
What kind of marrow is made of fatty tissue?
Yellow bone marrow
what kind of movement does a condyloid joint make?
biaxial
what kind of movement does a saddle joint make?
biaxial
Mandible, diaphysis & epiphysis are examples which kind of joint?
bony joint
fibrous, fluid filled sac, adjacent to muscles & tendons
bursa
What takes place during metaphysis?
conversion of cartilage to bone takes place in transitional zones between developing shaft & cartilage heads
Where are osteoblasts found?
in periosteum & endosteum
What takes place during the primary ossification center?
process forms the diaphysis
strip or sheet of CT, binds muscle to bone
tendon
What is the function of red bone marrow?
to make blood cells
Function of nutrient foramina
where blood vessels & nerves enter to supply cells in the bone