Bio 1500

Which of the following are examples of lipids?

olive oil, bees wax, bacon fat

What color light does chlorophyll absorb?

red, blue, violet

plasma membrane

separates cell contents from the surrounding environment

Why are cells so small?

smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials

Great Oxygenation Event

3-2.3 BYA cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis free O2 was produced as a side-effect

Mitochondria

ATP production and cellular respiration

Structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have membrane-bound nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles (ER, Golgi, chloroplasts, mitochondria, etc.), and several rod-shaped chromosomes

Which of the following is the same thing as a proton?

H+

Reflection

Light energy simply bounces off

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

natural selection

Most fundamental process in all of biology all organisms on earth are subject to NS all organisms on earth are the result of NS

What molecule does the electron end up in at the end of the two light reactions (i.e. After Photosystems II and I)?

NADPH

Phenotypes

Observable traits of an individual Variable in population

When light strikes an object, what three things can occurs?

Reflected, transmitted, or absorbed

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

The product of the light-independent reactions is a molecule called G3P. What does the cell use it for?

building carbohydrates such as glucose

Which of the following are the four categories of organic molecules?

carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Nucleus

cell organelle that houses the DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

Flagella

cellular locomotion

cilia

cellular locomotion, movement of particles along plasma membranes extracellular surface and filtration

Evolution

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

NASA definition of life

chemical system that can evolve by natural selection

Nucleolus

darkened area within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are synthesized

Allele

different possible forms of the same gene

Lysosomes

digestion of macromolecules; recycling of worn-out organelles

Light-independent reactions

do not require light

kinetic energy

energy of movement

Which of the following are examples of carbohydrates?

glucose, cellulose, and chitin

endomembrane system

group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins

When a fat is described as 'saturated,' what is it saturated with?

hydrogen

If a molecule is described as 'organic,' then which of the following statements must be true?

it contains carbon

Two types of energy

kinetic and potential

two steps of photosynthesis

light reactions and calvin cycle

Cytoskeleton

maintains cells shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicle to move within cell and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

What is the proton gradient used for?

making ATP

What does the term 'carbon fixation' refer to?

making organic compounds

Phospholipids are important components of which cellular structure?

membranes

consequences of O2 accumulation in atmosphere/oceans

minerals formed ozone layer formed free O2 is toxic to cells O2 reacted with Methane removing it from the atmosphere (snowball ice age) some prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2 Eukaryotes with chloroplasts

Endoplasmic Reticulum

modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins

light-dependent reactions

occur in the presence of light

Peroxisomes

oxidize and thus break down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxify poisons

Chloroplast

photosynthesis

What type of organisms are responsible for the production of most of the oxygen on Earth?

phytoplankton

Difference in plant and animal cells

plant cells have- cell wall chloroplasts plastids a central vacuole

Eukaryote examples

plants, animals, fungi, protists

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

natural selection

process that causes the allele frequency to change

cell wall

protection, structural support, and maintenance of cell shape

Cytoplasm

provides turgor pressure to plant cells as fluid inside the central vacuole

potential energy

stored energy

Requirements for photosynthesis

sunlight, water, carbon dioxide

Energy

the capacity to do work

Cytosol

the cytoplasms gel-like material in which cell structures are suspended

During the light-independent reactions, the Calvin Cycle requires NADPH and ATP. Where does the cell get these molecules?

they are produced during the light reactions

What is the overall function of photosynthesis, i.e. why do cells perform this process?

to make carbohydrates like glucose

What is the result of dehydration synthesis?

two molecules form a chemical bond with each other

Centrosome

unspecified role in cell division in animal cells; microtubule source in animal cells

What molecule is the source of the electrons in the electron transport chain?

water

What molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis?

water

What molecule is the source of the protons that are used to establish the proton gradient?

water

Prokaryote example

Bacteria and Archaea

Great Oxygenation Event

Catastrophic for existing life forms catastrophic for cyanobacteria (who caused it) generated new niches set the stage for geology everything was different (not better or worse)

Bioluminescence

Chemical reactions generate light energy

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

match the name of the process with how it happens. Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis

D- a water molecule is removed H- a water molecule is added

vesicles and vacuoles

Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cells

florescence

a a substance absorbs light energy and the re-emits it at a different wavelength

Gene

a segment of DNA with instructions for building a protein molecule

Which of the following could be the outcome of hydrolysis?

a starch is broken into simple sugar molecules