Bio 1500
Which of the following are examples of lipids?
olive oil, bees wax, bacon fat
What color light does chlorophyll absorb?
red, blue, violet
plasma membrane
separates cell contents from the surrounding environment
Why are cells so small?
smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials
Great Oxygenation Event
3-2.3 BYA cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis free O2 was produced as a side-effect
Mitochondria
ATP production and cellular respiration
Structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles (ER, Golgi, chloroplasts, mitochondria, etc.), and several rod-shaped chromosomes
Which of the following is the same thing as a proton?
H+
Reflection
Light energy simply bounces off
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
natural selection
Most fundamental process in all of biology all organisms on earth are subject to NS all organisms on earth are the result of NS
What molecule does the electron end up in at the end of the two light reactions (i.e. After Photosystems II and I)?
NADPH
Phenotypes
Observable traits of an individual Variable in population
When light strikes an object, what three things can occurs?
Reflected, transmitted, or absorbed
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
The product of the light-independent reactions is a molecule called G3P. What does the cell use it for?
building carbohydrates such as glucose
Which of the following are the four categories of organic molecules?
carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Nucleus
cell organelle that houses the DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
Flagella
cellular locomotion
cilia
cellular locomotion, movement of particles along plasma membranes extracellular surface and filtration
Evolution
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
NASA definition of life
chemical system that can evolve by natural selection
Nucleolus
darkened area within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are synthesized
Allele
different possible forms of the same gene
Lysosomes
digestion of macromolecules; recycling of worn-out organelles
Light-independent reactions
do not require light
kinetic energy
energy of movement
Which of the following are examples of carbohydrates?
glucose, cellulose, and chitin
endomembrane system
group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins
When a fat is described as 'saturated,' what is it saturated with?
hydrogen
If a molecule is described as 'organic,' then which of the following statements must be true?
it contains carbon
Two types of energy
kinetic and potential
two steps of photosynthesis
light reactions and calvin cycle
Cytoskeleton
maintains cells shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicle to move within cell and enables unicellular organisms to move independently
What is the proton gradient used for?
making ATP
What does the term 'carbon fixation' refer to?
making organic compounds
Phospholipids are important components of which cellular structure?
membranes
consequences of O2 accumulation in atmosphere/oceans
minerals formed ozone layer formed free O2 is toxic to cells O2 reacted with Methane removing it from the atmosphere (snowball ice age) some prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2 Eukaryotes with chloroplasts
Endoplasmic Reticulum
modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
Golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
light-dependent reactions
occur in the presence of light
Peroxisomes
oxidize and thus break down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxify poisons
Chloroplast
photosynthesis
What type of organisms are responsible for the production of most of the oxygen on Earth?
phytoplankton
Difference in plant and animal cells
plant cells have- cell wall chloroplasts plastids a central vacuole
Eukaryote examples
plants, animals, fungi, protists
Photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
natural selection
process that causes the allele frequency to change
cell wall
protection, structural support, and maintenance of cell shape
Cytoplasm
provides turgor pressure to plant cells as fluid inside the central vacuole
potential energy
stored energy
Requirements for photosynthesis
sunlight, water, carbon dioxide
Energy
the capacity to do work
Cytosol
the cytoplasms gel-like material in which cell structures are suspended
During the light-independent reactions, the Calvin Cycle requires NADPH and ATP. Where does the cell get these molecules?
they are produced during the light reactions
What is the overall function of photosynthesis, i.e. why do cells perform this process?
to make carbohydrates like glucose
What is the result of dehydration synthesis?
two molecules form a chemical bond with each other
Centrosome
unspecified role in cell division in animal cells; microtubule source in animal cells
What molecule is the source of the electrons in the electron transport chain?
water
What molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis?
water
What molecule is the source of the protons that are used to establish the proton gradient?
water
Prokaryote example
Bacteria and Archaea
Great Oxygenation Event
Catastrophic for existing life forms catastrophic for cyanobacteria (who caused it) generated new niches set the stage for geology everything was different (not better or worse)
Bioluminescence
Chemical reactions generate light energy
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
match the name of the process with how it happens. Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis
D- a water molecule is removed H- a water molecule is added
vesicles and vacuoles
Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cells
florescence
a a substance absorbs light energy and the re-emits it at a different wavelength
Gene
a segment of DNA with instructions for building a protein molecule
Which of the following could be the outcome of hydrolysis?
a starch is broken into simple sugar molecules
