Bio 157 Lecture Exam #3
circumduction
A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called
is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters *
A neuromodulator
sensory or afferent neuron
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)
the neuron is hyperpolarized
A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80mV. Predict the result.
ball and socket
multiaxial
white matter
myelinated axons forming tracts
white matter
myelinated axons. nerve tracts propagate actin potentials from one area in the CNS to another
proprioception
nerves in capsule help brain know position of joints
gray matter
neurons, cell, cell bodies, dendrites, axons
all-or-none principle
no matter how strong the stimulus, as long as it is greater than threshold, then action potential will occur
synarthrosis
non-movable
resting membrane potential
number of charged molecules and ions inside and outside cell nearly equal
uniaxial
occurring around one axis
multiaxial
occurring around several axes
biaxial
occurring around two axes at right angles to each other
gated ion channels
open and close because of some sort of stimulus. when they open, they change the permeability of the cell membrane
ligand-gated
open or close in response to ligand such as ACh bingind to receptor protein. receptor proteins are usually glycoproteins
voltage-gated
open or close in response to small voltage changes across the cell membrane
suture
opposing bones interdigitate
neurons
or nerve cells receive stimuli and transmit action potentials
spinal nerves
originate from spinal cord - 31 pairs
cranial nerves
originate from the brain - 12 pairs
cauda equina
origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris
oscillating circuit
outputs cause reciprocal activation
supination
palm faces anteriorly
pronation
palm faces posteriorly
suture
periosteum of one bone is continuous with the periosteum of the other
bursae
pockets of synovial membrane and fluid that extend from the joint
horns
posterior (dorsal) anterior (ventral) lateral ( associated with ANS)
hyperpolarization
potential difference becomes greater or more polar
depolarization
potential difference becomes smaller or less polar
sympathetic
prepares body for physical activity
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
prevents anterior displacement of tibia
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
prevents posterior displacement of tibia
medial
return the mandible to the midline
reposition
return to anatomical position
glenoid labrum
rim of fibrocartilage built up around glenoid cavity - joint capsule attachment
pivot joints
rotation around a single axis
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
second ganglion to effector
bipolar
sensory in retina of the eye and nose
peripheral nervous system (PSN)
sensory receptors and nerves
subdural
serous fluid
somatic nervous sytem
single neuron system
unipolar
single process that divides into two branches, part that extends to the periphery has dendrite-like sensory receptors
dermatomal map
skin area supplied with sensory innervation by spinal nerves
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
hyaluronic acid
slippery
divergent pathways
small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of postsynaptic neurons
type C
small-diameter, unmyelinated. conduct at 2 m/s or less. part of ANS
lumbar enlargement
supplies lower limbs
cervical enlargement
supplies upper limbs
neuroglia
support and protect
satellite cells
surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia, provide support and nutrients
perineurium
surrounds axon groups to form fascicles
endoneurium
surrounds individual neurons
epineurium
surrounds the entire nerve
types of fibrous joints
sutures syndesmoses gomphoses
divisions of ANS
sympathetic parasympathetic enteric
decreases friction between bones
synovial fluid
is a thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint
synovial fluid
tendon sheaths
synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass near or over bone
conus medullaris
tapered inferior end
articular discs
temperomandibular, steronclavicular, acrominoclavicular
arachnoid matter
thin and wispy
action potentials
transfer information from one part of the body to another
motor (efferent)
transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors
sensory (afferent)
transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS
rotation
turning of structure on its long axis
eversion
turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally
inversion
turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medialy
sutural ligament
two periostea plus dense, fibrous, connective tissue between
ventral and dorsal
two roots merge laterally and form the spinal nerve
potential difference
unequal distribution of charge exists between the immediate inside and immediate outside of the plasma membrane
hinge joint
uniaxial
pivot joints
uniaxial
plane or gliding
uniaxial
gray matter
unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia. integrative functions
cervical plexus
ventral rami of C1-C4
brachial plexus
ventral rami of C5-T1
lumbar plexus
ventral rami of L1-L4
sacral plexus
ventral rami of L4-S4
coccygeal plexus
ventral rami of S4 and S5
somatic nervous system
voluntary
ventral ramus
what they innervate depends upon which part of the spinal cord is considered
crossed extensor reflex
when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb
interneurons or association neurons
within CNS from one neuron to another
choroid plexus
within certain regions of ventricles. secrete cerebrospinal fluid. cilia help move fluid thru the cavities of the brain. have long processes on basal surface that extend within the brain tissue, may have astrocyte-like functions
schwann cells or neurolemmocytes
wrap around many times.
schwann cells or neurolemmocytes
wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheaths.
the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal *
Chemical synapses are characterized by
nuclei *
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called
electrical *
Gap junctions are functional _____________ synapses
nodes of ranvier
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
the cortex *
Gray matter on the surface of the brain is/are called
between his tooth socket and tooth
Harry is told he has structural damage to his dentoalveolar joint. Where specifically is the problem area?
is responsible for the lubricating properties of synovial fluid
Hyaluronic acid
movement*
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of..........
nerves
If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut
the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes *
In a syndesmosis
K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell
In hyperpolarization
columns and the gray matter into horns*
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into....
fall*
Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to.........
ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves
Intercostal nerves are formed from the.........
structure of the joint
Joints are classified according to the
synovial
Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are ________________ joints
oligodendrocyte *
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?
are innervated by gamma motor neurons
Muscle spindles........
schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons *
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?
has two sets of neurons in a series *
The autonomic nervous system
protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood
The blood-brain barrier
muscles of the arm and forearm
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?
spinal cord
The central nervous system includes the
is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement*
The conus medullaris.........
outside, gray matter on the inside, and ventral motor root*
The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the........
calcium ions *
Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to change in the extracellular concentration of
active and passive
What is influenced by 1 shape of articular surface forming joint 2 amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces 3 strength and location of ligaments and tendons 4 location of muscles associated with joints 5 amount of fluid in and around joint 6 amount of pain in and around joint 7 amount of use/disuse of joint
glenohumeral joint *
What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?
epidural space
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
The dorsal root has a ganglion
What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?
satellite cells *
What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?
unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes *
Whcih of the following is true?
synostosis *
When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a
subarachnoid space
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?
an increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid
Which of the following events will lead to depolarization?
plane or gliding
____________ found in intervertebral, intercarpal, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal, costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal
saddle joints
_____________ found in thumb, intercarpal, sternoclavicular
pivot joints
____________________ found in articulation between dens of axis and stlas, proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar
hinge joint
______________________ found in elbow, ankle, interphalangeal
nerve
a bundle of axons and their sheaths that connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
restricts movement to rotation
a pivot joint
joint and an articulation
a place where two or more bones come together is a(n)
relative
a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential
may be temporary *
a synchondrosis
motor or efferent
action potentials away from CNS
synaptic vesicles
action potentials causes Ca2+ to enter cell that causes neurotransmitter to be released from vesicles
sensory or afferent
action potentials toward CNS
communicating rami
communicate with the sympathetic chain of ganglia
absolute
complete insensitivity exists to another stimulus
synovial joints
complex
synovial fluid
complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat and cells
resting membrane potential
concentration of K+ higher inside then outside cell, Na+ higher outside than inside
commissures
connections between left and right halves
synovial joints
contain synovial fluid
epidural
contains blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and fat
dura matter
continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves
gamma motor neurons
control sensitivity of muscle spindle
function of nervous system
controlling muscles and glands
hinge joint
convex cylinder in one bone
hinge joint
corresponding concavity in the other
pivot joints
cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament
anterior median fissure and posterior median fissure
deep clefts partially separating left and right halves
fibrous capsule
dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with fibrous layer of the periosteum
subthreshold stimulus
does not cause a graded potential that is great enough to initiate an action potential
golgi tendon organ
encapsulated nerve endings that have at their ends numerous terminal branches with small swellings associated with bundles of collagen fibers in tendon. located in tendon near muscle
sensory receptors
ending of neurons or separate, specialized cells that detect such things as temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odors
function of nervous system
establishing and maintaining mental activity - consciousness, thinking, memory, emotion
cruciate ligaments
extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur
spinal cord
extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra
plexus
extensive network of axons, and sometimes neuron cell bodies -located outside CNS
speed of conduction
faster in myelinated than in non-myelinated
symphyses
fibrocartilage
menisci of knee
fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface
menisci
fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee
connective tissue types
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
first CNS to ganglion
dorsiflexion
foot lifted toward the shin
thoracic region
form intercostal nerves
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheaths of surrounding axon. can form myelin sheaths around portions of several axons
rotator cuff
four muscles that along with ligaments give stability to the joint
diarthrosis
freely movable
somatic nervous sytem
from CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain
regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle
gamma motor neurons.......
protraction
gliding motion anteriorly
dorsal root
has ganglion
dorsal ramus
innervate deep muscles of the trunk responsible for movements of the vertebral column and the CT and skin near the midline of the back
intercostal nerves
innervate the intercostal muscle and the skin over the thorax
dendrites
input - short, often highly branched
function of nervous system
integrating information - brain and spinal cord process sensory input and initiate responses
graded
magnitude varies from small to large depending on stimulus strength or frequency
function of nervous system
maintaining homeostasis - regulate and coordinate physiology
circumduction
- appendages describes a cone
bursae
- found in areas of friction
fibrous joints
- have no joint cavity
fibrous joints
- move little or none
fibrous capsule
- portions may thicken to form ligaments
synovial membrane and fluid
- sometimes separated from fibrous capsule by areolar CT and fat, sometimes merged with fibrous
synovial membrane and fluid
- thin, delicate
fibrous joints
- united by fibrous connective tissue
local potential *
A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a(n)
be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+
A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics (non-propagated, graded, can cummate). This type of change can
C1
A collapsed intervertebral foramen could affect all of the following spinal nerves EXCEPT.........
plane
A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a _________________ joint
fibrous joint
A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a
increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength *
A local potential
from node to node on a myelinated axon
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is
travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane
Action potentials at a chemical synapse
hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane *
An IPSP is inhabitory because it
occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level
An action potential
carpometacarpal joint
An example of a saddle joint is the
intervertebral joint *
An example of a symphysis is the
5,3,2,4,1 *
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct order 1 - sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential 2 - neurotransmitter binds with the receptor on postsynaptic cell 3 - neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4 - membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cells increases 5 - action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
an inflammation of any joint *
Arthritis is
have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals *
Axons
the trigger zone *
Axons contain
flexion
Bowing the head is an example of
subarachnoid
CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue
interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter *
Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would
difficult breathing*
Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in......
are the input part of the neuron
Dendrites
sodium ions *
Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node
Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that
pseudo-unipolar *
Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are
cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane *
Neurotransmitters
areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum *
Nissl bodies are
the most common type of arthritis *
Osteoarthritis is
ganglia
PNS gray matter is groups of cell bodies called
5,4,2,1,3*
Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor 1 motor neuron 2 interneuron 3 effector 4 sensory neuron 5 sensory receptor
golgi tendon reflux*
Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced the action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?
may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate action potentials
Rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
reinforces the withdrawl reflex*
Reciprocal innervation........
are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response*
Reflex arcs..........
All of these choices are correct*
Reflexes function in
are homeostatic*
Reflexes.....
coccygeal nerve
S5
divergent *
Sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with motor neurons leading back to an effector and ascending neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. This is an example of a(n) ______________ pathway.
brachial
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ______________ plexus.
stretch reflex*
Structurally, the simplest reflex is the.........
surrounds individual axons and their schwann cells
The endoneurium........
digestive tract *
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the
synchondrosis *
The epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is actually a temporary joint called a
is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum
The fibrous capsule
breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse *
The function of acetylcholinesterase is to
is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint
The joint capsule
synapse *
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an
sensory and motor neurons*
The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?
transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
ventral root
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the.........
all of these choices are correct
The nervous system
is an example of a positive feedback cycle *
The opening of more and more Na+ ion channels during depolarization
protraction
The opposite of retraction is
bundles axons into fascicles
The perineurium.........
cranial nerves
The peripheral nervous system includes the
golgi tendon reflex
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the.........
conveys action potentials to the CNS
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
muscle spindle
The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the.........
all of the choices are correct
The speed of an action potential depends upon
foramen magnum
The spinal cord begins at the .........
2nd lumbar vertebrae
The spinal cord ends at the .........
links the peripheral nervous system to the brain
The spinal cord........
dura mater
The thickest of the meninges is the.......
only motor fibers
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains......
12; 31
There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves
two
There are _______ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave
ball and socket
This type of joint is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement
plexus*
Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a.........
as sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?
The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons*
Which of the following is false?
microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body
Which of the following is mismatched?
central nervous system
Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?
ball and socket
Which of the following joints is most movable?
obturator*
Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus?
they are formed by an extension of the synovial membrane
Which of the following statements concerning bursae is true?
the tissue between the bones is hyaline cartilage
Which of the following statements concerning sutures is false?
interneuron*
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors *
Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal?
ellipsoid
______ found in atlantooccipital
ball and socket
___________ found in shoulder and hip joints
hemarthrosis
acute accumulation of blood in joint
synostosis
adults may ossify completely
submaximal stimulus
all stimuli between threshold and the maximal stimulus strength
synovial joints
allow considerable movement
gap junctions
allow graded current flow between adjacent cells
collateral and popliteal ligaments
along with tendons of thigh muscles strengthen the joint
active
amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction
passive
amount of movement accomplished by some outside forces
presynaptic facilitation
amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal increases. glutamate facilitating nitric oxide production
filum terminale
anchors spinal cord to coccyx and the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the dura matter
epidural
anesthesia injected.
supramaximal stimulus
any stimulus stronger than a maximal stimulus. these stimuli cannot produce a greater frequency of action potentials than a maximal stimulus
covers the ends of bone in synovial joints
articular cartilage
provides a smooth surface where bones meet *
articular cartilage
axoaxonic synapses
axon of one neuron syntheses with the presynaptic teminal (axon) of another. many of the synapses of CNS
joint function
based on degree of motion
structural
based on major connective tissue type that binds bones
ellipsoid
biaxial
saddle joints
biaxial
pia matter
bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord. forms the filum terminale
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
nervous system components
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory, receptors
unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
cartilaginous joint
threshold stimulus
causes a graded potential that is great enough to initiate an action potential
reciprocal innervation
causes relaxation of extensor muscle when flexor muscle contracts. also involved in stretch reflex.
ganglia
cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in
action potentials
cells produce electrical signals called
ganglion
collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS
dorsal root ganglion
collections of cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons forming dorsal roots
circumduction
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
peridontal ligaments
hold teeth in place
synchondroses
hyaline cartilage
depolarization
if extracellular concentration of K+ increases, less gradient between inside and outside..........
repolarization
if extracellular ion concentration decreases, steeper gradient between inside and outside...............
speed of conduction
in myelinated axons, lipids act as insulation forcing ionic currents to jump from node to node
speed of conduction
in myelinated, speed is affected by thickness of myelin sheath
synapse
junction of a nerve cell with another cell
maximal stimulus
just strong enough to produce a maximum frequency of action potentials
type A
large-diameter, myelinated. conduct at 15-120 m/s. motor neurons supplying skeletal and most sensory neurons
neuroglia
line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal
retraction
moves structure back to anatomic position of even further posteriorly
lateral
moving mandible to the right or left of midline
convergent pathways
many converge and synapse with smaller number of neurons
type B
medium-diameter, lightly myelinated. conduct 3-15 m/s. part of ANS
synovial membrane and fluid
membrane lines inside of joint capsule except at actual articulation of articular cartilages
fontanels
membranous areas in the suture between bones - allows change in shape of head during birth and rapid growth of the brain after birth
ellipsoid
modified ball and socket articular surfaces are......
repolarization
more negative after potential
depolarization
more positive
synovial joints
most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial
multipolar
most neurons in CNS; motor neurons
abduction
movement away from the median plane
flexion
movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane
extension
movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane
opposition
movement of thumb and little finger toward each other
adduction
movement toward the median plane
depression
moves a structure inferior
elevation
moves a structure superior
blood-brain barrier
protects neurons from toxic substances, allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood, prevents fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain
connexons
protein tubes in cell membrane
function of nervous system
receiving sensory input - monitor internal and external stimuli
presynaptic inhibition
reduction in amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal. endorphins can inhibit pain sensation
pronation/supination
refers to unique rotation of the forearm
parasympathetic
regulates resting or vegetative functions such as digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder
microglia
respond to inflammation, phagocytize necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and foreign substances that invade the CNS
touch receptors
respond to mechanical stimulation of the skin
temperature receptors
respond to temperature changes in the skin
unmyelinated axons
rest in invaginations of schwann cells or oligodendrocyte. not wrapped around the axon; gray matter
chondromalacia
softening of cartilage due to abnormal movement of the patella or to accumulation of fluid in fat pad posterior to patella
plane or gliding
some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures
microglia
specialized microphages.
muscle spindle
specialized muscle cells that respond to strech
neuroglia
specialized versions of ependymal form choroid plexuses
roots
spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form .....
ball and socket
stability is reduced, mobility is increased compared to hip
plantar flexion
standing on toes
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
subconscious or involuntary control
provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction
the function of a bursa is to
two parietal bones
the sagittal suture is between the