Bio 157 Lecture Exam #3

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circumduction

A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called

is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters *

A neuromodulator

sensory or afferent neuron

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)

the neuron is hyperpolarized

A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80mV. Predict the result.

ball and socket

multiaxial

white matter

myelinated axons forming tracts

white matter

myelinated axons. nerve tracts propagate actin potentials from one area in the CNS to another

proprioception

nerves in capsule help brain know position of joints

gray matter

neurons, cell, cell bodies, dendrites, axons

all-or-none principle

no matter how strong the stimulus, as long as it is greater than threshold, then action potential will occur

synarthrosis

non-movable

resting membrane potential

number of charged molecules and ions inside and outside cell nearly equal

uniaxial

occurring around one axis

multiaxial

occurring around several axes

biaxial

occurring around two axes at right angles to each other

gated ion channels

open and close because of some sort of stimulus. when they open, they change the permeability of the cell membrane

ligand-gated

open or close in response to ligand such as ACh bingind to receptor protein. receptor proteins are usually glycoproteins

voltage-gated

open or close in response to small voltage changes across the cell membrane

suture

opposing bones interdigitate

neurons

or nerve cells receive stimuli and transmit action potentials

spinal nerves

originate from spinal cord - 31 pairs

cranial nerves

originate from the brain - 12 pairs

cauda equina

origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris

oscillating circuit

outputs cause reciprocal activation

supination

palm faces anteriorly

pronation

palm faces posteriorly

suture

periosteum of one bone is continuous with the periosteum of the other

bursae

pockets of synovial membrane and fluid that extend from the joint

horns

posterior (dorsal) anterior (ventral) lateral ( associated with ANS)

hyperpolarization

potential difference becomes greater or more polar

depolarization

potential difference becomes smaller or less polar

sympathetic

prepares body for physical activity

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

prevents anterior displacement of tibia

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

prevents posterior displacement of tibia

medial

return the mandible to the midline

reposition

return to anatomical position

glenoid labrum

rim of fibrocartilage built up around glenoid cavity - joint capsule attachment

pivot joints

rotation around a single axis

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

second ganglion to effector

bipolar

sensory in retina of the eye and nose

peripheral nervous system (PSN)

sensory receptors and nerves

subdural

serous fluid

somatic nervous sytem

single neuron system

unipolar

single process that divides into two branches, part that extends to the periphery has dendrite-like sensory receptors

dermatomal map

skin area supplied with sensory innervation by spinal nerves

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

hyaluronic acid

slippery

divergent pathways

small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of postsynaptic neurons

type C

small-diameter, unmyelinated. conduct at 2 m/s or less. part of ANS

lumbar enlargement

supplies lower limbs

cervical enlargement

supplies upper limbs

neuroglia

support and protect

satellite cells

surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia, provide support and nutrients

perineurium

surrounds axon groups to form fascicles

endoneurium

surrounds individual neurons

epineurium

surrounds the entire nerve

types of fibrous joints

sutures syndesmoses gomphoses

divisions of ANS

sympathetic parasympathetic enteric

decreases friction between bones

synovial fluid

is a thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint

synovial fluid

tendon sheaths

synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass near or over bone

conus medullaris

tapered inferior end

articular discs

temperomandibular, steronclavicular, acrominoclavicular

arachnoid matter

thin and wispy

action potentials

transfer information from one part of the body to another

motor (efferent)

transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors

sensory (afferent)

transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS

rotation

turning of structure on its long axis

eversion

turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces laterally

inversion

turning the ankle so the plantar surface of foot faces medialy

sutural ligament

two periostea plus dense, fibrous, connective tissue between

ventral and dorsal

two roots merge laterally and form the spinal nerve

potential difference

unequal distribution of charge exists between the immediate inside and immediate outside of the plasma membrane

hinge joint

uniaxial

pivot joints

uniaxial

plane or gliding

uniaxial

gray matter

unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia. integrative functions

cervical plexus

ventral rami of C1-C4

brachial plexus

ventral rami of C5-T1

lumbar plexus

ventral rami of L1-L4

sacral plexus

ventral rami of L4-S4

coccygeal plexus

ventral rami of S4 and S5

somatic nervous system

voluntary

ventral ramus

what they innervate depends upon which part of the spinal cord is considered

crossed extensor reflex

when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb

interneurons or association neurons

within CNS from one neuron to another

choroid plexus

within certain regions of ventricles. secrete cerebrospinal fluid. cilia help move fluid thru the cavities of the brain. have long processes on basal surface that extend within the brain tissue, may have astrocyte-like functions

schwann cells or neurolemmocytes

wrap around many times.

schwann cells or neurolemmocytes

wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheaths.

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal *

Chemical synapses are characterized by

nuclei *

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called

electrical *

Gap junctions are functional _____________ synapses

nodes of ranvier

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

the cortex *

Gray matter on the surface of the brain is/are called

between his tooth socket and tooth

Harry is told he has structural damage to his dentoalveolar joint. Where specifically is the problem area?

is responsible for the lubricating properties of synovial fluid

Hyaluronic acid

movement*

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of..........

nerves

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut

the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes *

In a syndesmosis

K+ ions tend to diffuse out of the cell

In hyperpolarization

columns and the gray matter into horns*

In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into....

fall*

Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to.........

ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves

Intercostal nerves are formed from the.........

structure of the joint

Joints are classified according to the

synovial

Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are ________________ joints

oligodendrocyte *

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

are innervated by gamma motor neurons

Muscle spindles........

schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons *

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

has two sets of neurons in a series *

The autonomic nervous system

protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood

The blood-brain barrier

muscles of the arm and forearm

The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?

spinal cord

The central nervous system includes the

is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement*

The conus medullaris.........

outside, gray matter on the inside, and ventral motor root*

The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the........

calcium ions *

Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to change in the extracellular concentration of

active and passive

What is influenced by 1 shape of articular surface forming joint 2 amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces 3 strength and location of ligaments and tendons 4 location of muscles associated with joints 5 amount of fluid in and around joint 6 amount of pain in and around joint 7 amount of use/disuse of joint

glenohumeral joint *

What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?

epidural space

What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?

The dorsal root has a ganglion

What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?

satellite cells *

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?

unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes *

Whcih of the following is true?

synostosis *

When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a

subarachnoid space

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?

an increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid

Which of the following events will lead to depolarization?

plane or gliding

____________ found in intervertebral, intercarpal, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal, costovertebral, intertarsal, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal

saddle joints

_____________ found in thumb, intercarpal, sternoclavicular

pivot joints

____________________ found in articulation between dens of axis and stlas, proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

hinge joint

______________________ found in elbow, ankle, interphalangeal

nerve

a bundle of axons and their sheaths that connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

restricts movement to rotation

a pivot joint

joint and an articulation

a place where two or more bones come together is a(n)

relative

a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential

may be temporary *

a synchondrosis

motor or efferent

action potentials away from CNS

synaptic vesicles

action potentials causes Ca2+ to enter cell that causes neurotransmitter to be released from vesicles

sensory or afferent

action potentials toward CNS

communicating rami

communicate with the sympathetic chain of ganglia

absolute

complete insensitivity exists to another stimulus

synovial joints

complex

synovial fluid

complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat and cells

resting membrane potential

concentration of K+ higher inside then outside cell, Na+ higher outside than inside

commissures

connections between left and right halves

synovial joints

contain synovial fluid

epidural

contains blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and fat

dura matter

continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves

gamma motor neurons

control sensitivity of muscle spindle

function of nervous system

controlling muscles and glands

hinge joint

convex cylinder in one bone

hinge joint

corresponding concavity in the other

pivot joints

cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament

anterior median fissure and posterior median fissure

deep clefts partially separating left and right halves

fibrous capsule

dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with fibrous layer of the periosteum

subthreshold stimulus

does not cause a graded potential that is great enough to initiate an action potential

golgi tendon organ

encapsulated nerve endings that have at their ends numerous terminal branches with small swellings associated with bundles of collagen fibers in tendon. located in tendon near muscle

sensory receptors

ending of neurons or separate, specialized cells that detect such things as temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odors

function of nervous system

establishing and maintaining mental activity - consciousness, thinking, memory, emotion

cruciate ligaments

extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur

spinal cord

extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra

plexus

extensive network of axons, and sometimes neuron cell bodies -located outside CNS

speed of conduction

faster in myelinated than in non-myelinated

symphyses

fibrocartilage

menisci of knee

fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of the tibia and deepen articular surface

menisci

fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee

connective tissue types

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

first CNS to ganglion

dorsiflexion

foot lifted toward the shin

thoracic region

form intercostal nerves

oligodendrocytes

form myelin sheaths of surrounding axon. can form myelin sheaths around portions of several axons

rotator cuff

four muscles that along with ligaments give stability to the joint

diarthrosis

freely movable

somatic nervous sytem

from CNS to skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain

regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle

gamma motor neurons.......

protraction

gliding motion anteriorly

dorsal root

has ganglion

dorsal ramus

innervate deep muscles of the trunk responsible for movements of the vertebral column and the CT and skin near the midline of the back

intercostal nerves

innervate the intercostal muscle and the skin over the thorax

dendrites

input - short, often highly branched

function of nervous system

integrating information - brain and spinal cord process sensory input and initiate responses

graded

magnitude varies from small to large depending on stimulus strength or frequency

function of nervous system

maintaining homeostasis - regulate and coordinate physiology

circumduction

- appendages describes a cone

bursae

- found in areas of friction

fibrous joints

- have no joint cavity

fibrous joints

- move little or none

fibrous capsule

- portions may thicken to form ligaments

synovial membrane and fluid

- sometimes separated from fibrous capsule by areolar CT and fat, sometimes merged with fibrous

synovial membrane and fluid

- thin, delicate

fibrous joints

- united by fibrous connective tissue

local potential *

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a(n)

be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+

A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics (non-propagated, graded, can cummate). This type of change can

C1

A collapsed intervertebral foramen could affect all of the following spinal nerves EXCEPT.........

plane

A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a _________________ joint

fibrous joint

A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a

increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength *

A local potential

from node to node on a myelinated axon

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is

travel from presynaptic terminal to presynaptic membrane

Action potentials at a chemical synapse

hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane *

An IPSP is inhabitory because it

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level

An action potential

carpometacarpal joint

An example of a saddle joint is the

intervertebral joint *

An example of a symphysis is the

5,3,2,4,1 *

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct order 1 - sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential 2 - neurotransmitter binds with the receptor on postsynaptic cell 3 - neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4 - membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cells increases 5 - action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

an inflammation of any joint *

Arthritis is

have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals *

Axons

the trigger zone *

Axons contain

flexion

Bowing the head is an example of

subarachnoid

CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue

interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter *

Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would

difficult breathing*

Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in......

are the input part of the neuron

Dendrites

sodium ions *

Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that

pseudo-unipolar *

Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are

cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane *

Neurotransmitters

areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum *

Nissl bodies are

the most common type of arthritis *

Osteoarthritis is

ganglia

PNS gray matter is groups of cell bodies called

5,4,2,1,3*

Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor 1 motor neuron 2 interneuron 3 effector 4 sensory neuron 5 sensory receptor

golgi tendon reflux*

Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced the action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?

may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate action potentials

Rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

reinforces the withdrawl reflex*

Reciprocal innervation........

are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response*

Reflex arcs..........

All of these choices are correct*

Reflexes function in

are homeostatic*

Reflexes.....

coccygeal nerve

S5

divergent *

Sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with motor neurons leading back to an effector and ascending neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. This is an example of a(n) ______________ pathway.

brachial

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ______________ plexus.

stretch reflex*

Structurally, the simplest reflex is the.........

surrounds individual axons and their schwann cells

The endoneurium........

digestive tract *

The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the

synchondrosis *

The epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is actually a temporary joint called a

is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum

The fibrous capsule

breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse *

The function of acetylcholinesterase is to

is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint

The joint capsule

synapse *

The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an

sensory and motor neurons*

The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?

transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

ventral root

The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the.........

all of these choices are correct

The nervous system

is an example of a positive feedback cycle *

The opening of more and more Na+ ion channels during depolarization

protraction

The opposite of retraction is

bundles axons into fascicles

The perineurium.........

cranial nerves

The peripheral nervous system includes the

golgi tendon reflex

The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the.........

conveys action potentials to the CNS

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

muscle spindle

The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the.........

all of the choices are correct

The speed of an action potential depends upon

foramen magnum

The spinal cord begins at the .........

2nd lumbar vertebrae

The spinal cord ends at the .........

links the peripheral nervous system to the brain

The spinal cord........

dura mater

The thickest of the meninges is the.......

only motor fibers

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains......

12; 31

There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves

two

There are _______ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave

ball and socket

This type of joint is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement

plexus*

Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a.........

as sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons*

Which of the following is false?

microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body

Which of the following is mismatched?

central nervous system

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?

ball and socket

Which of the following joints is most movable?

obturator*

Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus?

they are formed by an extension of the synovial membrane

Which of the following statements concerning bursae is true?

the tissue between the bones is hyaline cartilage

Which of the following statements concerning sutures is false?

interneuron*

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

presynaptic terminals have no acetylcholine receptors *

Why isn't an action potential transmitted from a postsynaptic membrane to a presynaptic terminal?

ellipsoid

______ found in atlantooccipital

ball and socket

___________ found in shoulder and hip joints

hemarthrosis

acute accumulation of blood in joint

synostosis

adults may ossify completely

submaximal stimulus

all stimuli between threshold and the maximal stimulus strength

synovial joints

allow considerable movement

gap junctions

allow graded current flow between adjacent cells

collateral and popliteal ligaments

along with tendons of thigh muscles strengthen the joint

active

amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction

passive

amount of movement accomplished by some outside forces

presynaptic facilitation

amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal increases. glutamate facilitating nitric oxide production

filum terminale

anchors spinal cord to coccyx and the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the dura matter

epidural

anesthesia injected.

supramaximal stimulus

any stimulus stronger than a maximal stimulus. these stimuli cannot produce a greater frequency of action potentials than a maximal stimulus

covers the ends of bone in synovial joints

articular cartilage

provides a smooth surface where bones meet *

articular cartilage

axoaxonic synapses

axon of one neuron syntheses with the presynaptic teminal (axon) of another. many of the synapses of CNS

joint function

based on degree of motion

structural

based on major connective tissue type that binds bones

ellipsoid

biaxial

saddle joints

biaxial

pia matter

bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord. forms the filum terminale

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

nervous system components

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory, receptors

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

cartilaginous joint

threshold stimulus

causes a graded potential that is great enough to initiate an action potential

reciprocal innervation

causes relaxation of extensor muscle when flexor muscle contracts. also involved in stretch reflex.

ganglia

cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

action potentials

cells produce electrical signals called

ganglion

collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS

dorsal root ganglion

collections of cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons forming dorsal roots

circumduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

peridontal ligaments

hold teeth in place

synchondroses

hyaline cartilage

depolarization

if extracellular concentration of K+ increases, less gradient between inside and outside..........

repolarization

if extracellular ion concentration decreases, steeper gradient between inside and outside...............

speed of conduction

in myelinated axons, lipids act as insulation forcing ionic currents to jump from node to node

speed of conduction

in myelinated, speed is affected by thickness of myelin sheath

synapse

junction of a nerve cell with another cell

maximal stimulus

just strong enough to produce a maximum frequency of action potentials

type A

large-diameter, myelinated. conduct at 15-120 m/s. motor neurons supplying skeletal and most sensory neurons

neuroglia

line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal

retraction

moves structure back to anatomic position of even further posteriorly

lateral

moving mandible to the right or left of midline

convergent pathways

many converge and synapse with smaller number of neurons

type B

medium-diameter, lightly myelinated. conduct 3-15 m/s. part of ANS

synovial membrane and fluid

membrane lines inside of joint capsule except at actual articulation of articular cartilages

fontanels

membranous areas in the suture between bones - allows change in shape of head during birth and rapid growth of the brain after birth

ellipsoid

modified ball and socket articular surfaces are......

repolarization

more negative after potential

depolarization

more positive

synovial joints

most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton reflecting greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial

multipolar

most neurons in CNS; motor neurons

abduction

movement away from the median plane

flexion

movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane

extension

movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane

opposition

movement of thumb and little finger toward each other

adduction

movement toward the median plane

depression

moves a structure inferior

elevation

moves a structure superior

blood-brain barrier

protects neurons from toxic substances, allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood, prevents fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain

connexons

protein tubes in cell membrane

function of nervous system

receiving sensory input - monitor internal and external stimuli

presynaptic inhibition

reduction in amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal. endorphins can inhibit pain sensation

pronation/supination

refers to unique rotation of the forearm

parasympathetic

regulates resting or vegetative functions such as digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder

microglia

respond to inflammation, phagocytize necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and foreign substances that invade the CNS

touch receptors

respond to mechanical stimulation of the skin

temperature receptors

respond to temperature changes in the skin

unmyelinated axons

rest in invaginations of schwann cells or oligodendrocyte. not wrapped around the axon; gray matter

chondromalacia

softening of cartilage due to abnormal movement of the patella or to accumulation of fluid in fat pad posterior to patella

plane or gliding

some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures

microglia

specialized microphages.

muscle spindle

specialized muscle cells that respond to strech

neuroglia

specialized versions of ependymal form choroid plexuses

roots

spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form .....

ball and socket

stability is reduced, mobility is increased compared to hip

plantar flexion

standing on toes

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

subconscious or involuntary control

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction

the function of a bursa is to

two parietal bones

the sagittal suture is between the


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