Bio 1610 Exam 1

Ideally, control and experimental groups should differ in how many variables?

1

Which of the following are common features of chemical reactions?

1. Chemical reactions require a source of energy, 2. Many chemical reactions that occur in cells require catalysts, 3. Many chemical reactions in living organisms take place in a watery environment, 4. Chemical reactions proceed toward equilibrium.

Compared with liquid water, ice has ______.

1. more hydrogen bonds between individual water molecules 2. a more orderly arrangement of water molecules

How many shells of electrons does carbon have?

2

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?

4

The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6. How many oxygen atoms are in one molecule of glucose?

6

In humans, water comprises approximately ______ of body weight.

60/70%

Which of the following is an element?

Carbon

The level of biological organization studied by cell biologists is the

Cell

What branch of biology focuses on the study of the simplest units of life?

Cell Biology

What occurs during all chemical reactions?

Chemical bonds are broken or formed

Scientists often conduct their experiments in a parallel manner on two groups: an experimental group and a ______ group, one in which the key variable is kept constant.

Control

Which of the following diseases causes a build up of mucus in the lungs and pancreatic ducts to the small intestine?

Cystic Fibrosis

What macromolecule is used for the storage of genetic information in cells?

DNA

The nucleic acid used by the cell to store genetic information is _____, while ____ is involved in decoding this genetic information.

DNA; RNA

How is discovery-based science conducted?

Data are collected and analyzed without a pre-conceived hypothesis.

An atom or ion is most stable when its outermost shell is occupied by its full complement of _____

Electrons

A pure substance made up of only one atom is called a(n) ______.

Element

Science involves which of the following?

Experimental investigation, Observation, and Theoretical explanation

True or false: Only purines are found in DNA, and only pyrimidines are found in RNA.

F

What feature of fats allows them to store high levels of energy?

Fatty acids contain long chains of C-H bonds

Which of the following describes the chemical structure of steroids?

Four fused rings of carbon with one or more attached hydroxyl groups

What are functional groups?

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties

Which ions are produced when water ionizes?

H+ and OH-

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together

Individuals with cystic fibrosis produce an unusually large amount of sticky mucus which can block and/or obstruct which of the following?

Liver, Pancreatic ducts to the small intestine, and Lungs

The region within an atom that surrounds the nucleus and in which there is a high probability of finding an electron is called an electron _____

Orbital

Pure water can ionize into which of the following?

Positively charged protons (H+) and negatively charged hydroxide (OH-) ions

Researchers design and conduct experiments in order to test which of the following?

Predictions

What are the four categories of macromolecules?

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids

What type of subatomic particle occurs in each different element in a unique number and is therefore used to identify specific elements?

Proton

The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon can be defined as ______.

Science

Which levels of protein structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds?

Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure

What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges?

Sulfhydryl

Which regions of a phospholipid bilayer face water and which face the interior of the membrane away from water?

The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior.

What is the purpose of the scientific method?

To test hypotheses

In which of these conditions would an atom or ion be most stable?

When its outermost shell is occupied by its full complement of electrons

What is the difference between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing?

Whether data are collected and analyzed under a pre-formed hypothesis

A hypothesis is ______.

a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon

Molecules with covalent bonds ______.

are flexible within certain limits

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to ______.

attract electrons

Hydrolysis reactions ______.

break apart molecules via water

Living organisms minimize changes in their internal pH using compounds called ______.

buffers

Lipids are molecules that are composed of primarily what two elements?

carbon and hydrogen

The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between _____ atoms and _____ atoms.

carbon; hydrogen

Isomers are molecules that have the same ______ but different ______ and characteristics.

chemical formulas; structures

The amount of solute (in grams) dissolved in a given volume of solution is the solution's ______.

concentration

Atoms share a pair of electrons when they form a(n) ____ bond

covalent

Proteins are made by ______ reactions, in which water is removed as amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides.

dehydration

What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides?

dehydration reactions

The structure of a DNA molecule is best described as a(n):

double helix

The measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons when in a bond with another atom is called its ____

electronegativity

Put the physical states of water in order based on the intermolecular distances between water molecules. The TOP position should be the state in which the molecules are the farthest apart.

gas, solid, liquid

Fats, or triglycerides, are composed of ______.

glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids

The hydrogen bonds connecting water molecules form between a(n) ______ atom on one molecule and a(n) ______ atom on another molecule.

hydrogen; oxygen

When two water molecules are near each other, a hydrogen bond will form between the more positive _____ and the more negative ____ atoms of neighboring water molecules.

hydrogen; oxygen

Water is used to break apart another molecule in a(n) ____ reaction.

hydrolysis

A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon is called a scientific

hypothesis

Within an atom's structure, electrons can be found ______.

in cloudlike orbitals

Wöhler and Kolbe showed that organic compounds, such as urea and acetic acid, could be synthesized from ______.

inorganic compounds

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, and thus has a net electric charge, is called a(n

ion

An atom with a net electric charge is called a(n) ______.

ion

Molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures are called ______.

isomers

What is the main determinant of a protein's tertiary structure?

its primary structure

Which component of humans has the greatest percent of water?

lungs

Matter is anything that has ____ and takes up _____

mass; space

]Carbohydrate monomers are known as

monosaccharides

pH is defined as the _____ _____ to the base 10 of the ______ ion concentration.

negative; logarithm; hydrogen

Isotopes of an element differ from one another in the number of _____ they contain.

neutrons

Phosphorus exists in several isotopes, including 31P and 32P. These are expected to have different ______.

number of neutrons

A protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure contains ______.

one polypeptide folded into its three-dimensional structure

Molecules that contain carbon and that are found in all forms of life are called ______ molecules.

organic

By mass, the most abundant element in living organisms is ______.

oxygen

What are the three atoms found in all carbohydrates?

oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon

What four elements are the most common in living organisms?

oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon

The main elements that make up proteins are carbon, hydrogen, _____, and _____, in addition to small amounts of other elements, like sulfur.

oxygen; nitrogen

The ______ of a solution is the negative base 10 logarithm of the H+ concentration of the solution.

pH

In science, papers submitted for publication usually undergo a ______, which refers to the evaluation of results and recommendation of revisions by expert scientists.

peer-review process

In a phospholipid bilayer, the ____ regions of the phospholipids face water and the _____ regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

polar; nonpolar

When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long carbohydrate polymers called

polysaccharide

The tertiary structure of a polypeptide is predominantly determined by its _______ structure.

primary

Which two particles are the primary determinants of an element's atomic mass?

protons and neutrons

Atoms of different chemical elements can be differentiated based on the number of ______.

protons in the nucleus

In an atom particles with nearly equal mass are _____ and neutrons, while _____ have a much smaller mass

protons; electrons

What are the two possible shapes formed by monosaccharides such as glucose?

ring and linear

An important part of science is the communication of results through journals and conferences and the peer-review process. These aspects of science make it a(n) ______ discipline.

soical

The concentration of a liquid is defined as the amount of ______ dissolved in a unit volume of solution.

solute

Substances dissolved in liquid are called ______.

solutes

A liquid that can dissolve substances is known as a(n)

solvent

Structures consisting of four fused rings of carbon atoms with one or more polar hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure are called

steroids

In a micelle, which portion of the amphipathic molecules are oriented toward the surface of the sphere?

the polar region

DNA and RNA are made of nitrogenous bases. Both DNA and RNA contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine. In addition, DNA contains the base_____ , but RNA contains ______.

thymine; uracil

Which of the following bonds and interactions contribute directly to a protein's tertiary structure?

van der Waals forces Hydrogen bonds Disulfide bonds Ionic bonds Hydrophobic effect

A long hydrocarbon chain resembling a fatty acid attached by its carboxyl group to another long hydrocarbon chain is best described as a(n)

wax

What type of lipid consists of long structures resembling fatty acids attached to each other by their carboxyl groups?

wax

Hydrogen bonds can form ______.

within a polypeptide and between different polypeptide chains