BIO-168 Chapter 6

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whitehead

a closed comedo

onychomycosis

a fungal nail infection causing a yellow discoloration

spoon nails

a nail malformation where the outer surface of the nails are concave rather than convex

urea

a nitrogenous waste produced from breakdown of amino acids

periderm

a protective layer of squamous epithelium

comedo acne

a sebaceous gland plugged with sebum

vernix caseosa

a waterproof protective covering over the skin of the fetus

albinism

absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes; melanocytes cannot produce pigment

calcitrol

active form of vitamin D

3rd degree burn

all layers typically destroyed; cannot retain water, dehydration is a major concern

elastic fibers

allow stretch and recoil

escharotomy

an incision made in the dermis to lessen constriction

sebum

an oily mixture of lipids

blackhead

an open comedo

nevus

an overgrowth of melanocytes; aka a mole

melanin

any of the dark brown-black pigments or yellow-red pigments that occur in the skin, hair, and retina.

hyponychium

area of thickened epithelium underlying the free edge of the nail

alopecia areata

autoimmune disorder where the body attacks the hair follicles, leading to spot baldness

male pattern baldness

causes loss of hair first from only the crown region of the scalp rather than uniformly

apocrine glands

coiled, tubular glands that secrete out of hair follicles in the axillae, around the nipples, in the pubic region, and in the anal region

hair papilla

composed of a small amount of connective tissue containing tiny blood vessels and nerves

medulla

composed of loosely arranged cells and contains soft, flexible keratin; not found in all hair types

dermis

connective tissue layer of the skin beneath the epidermis; contains primarily collagen fibers

hair bulb

consists of epithelial cells and is a swelling at the base where the hair originates in the dermis

stratum basale

deepest epidermal layer made of a single row of cuboidal to low columnar cells; attached to an underlying basement membrane

subcutaneous layer

deepest layer of the skin but not included in the integumentary system; composed of areolar and adipose connective tissue

connective tissue root sheath

derived from the dermis and surrounding the epithelial root sheath

epithelial tissue root sheath

derived from the epidermis

free edge

distal, light-colored region at which the nail ends

subcutaneous layer

drugs are often injected into which later?

mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue

2nd degree burn

epidermal and upper dermal; blistered and painful skin

1st degree burn

epidermal damage; redness, pain, and slight edema; aka superficial burn

hirsutism

excessive terminal hair growth

vellus hair

fine, nonpigmented hair covering most of the fetal body.

lanugo hair

fine, soft, unpigmented fetal hair; usually replaced by vellus hair at birth

fibrosis

formation of fibrous connective tissue as a repair or reactive process.

hair

found almost everywhere on the body minus the palms, soles, lips, and portions of external genitalia

cryosurgery

freezing tissue to destroy cells

acne

general term for plugged sebaceous ducts

stratum granulosum

granular layer made of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes

diffuse hair loss

hair is shed from all parts of the scalp

nail plate

hard, visible part of the nail made up of the free edge, nail body, and nail root

friction ridges

help increase friction on contact

epidermal dendritic cells

immune cells that help fight infection in the epidermis; aka Langerhans cells

collagen fibers

impart tensile strength

what two cell types make up the stratum spinosum?

keratinocytes and Langerhans cells

cyst

large, fluid filled nodule

freckles

localized areas of increased melanocyte activity

terminal hair

long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females.

desmosomes

membrane junctions

mammary glands

modified apocrine sweat glands that can produce milk in females

ceruminous glands

modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)

merocrine glands

most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands; simple, coiled, tubular glands that secrete sweat directly onto skin surface

dendritic cells

motile cells in the dermis that serve an immune function

brittle nails

nails prone to vertical splitting at the nail edge

epidermal derivatives

nails, hair, exocrine glands

vasoconstriction

narrowing of the blood vessels, which decreases blood flow; conserves heat

hair follicle

oblique tube surrounding the hair root, extending into the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous layer

yellow nail syndrome

occurs when nail growth and thickening slows

ingrown nails

occurs when the nail edge digs into the skin around it

sweat pore

opening of a sweat duct

hair cuticle

outermost layer that coats the hair

hemoglobin

oxygen-binding protein found in red blood cells

pustule

papules containing pus

melanocytes

pigment-producing cell in the basal layer of the epidermis.

hair buds

pockets of cells that become hair follicles

shaft

portion of hair extending beyond the skin surface

keratinization

process during which keratinocytes fill with the protein keratin.

absorption

process of moving substances, such as products of digestion, into the blood or lymph.

holocrine glands

produce sebum that is discharged from the hair follicle onto the hair itself

eumelanin

produces brown to black pigments

pheomelanin

produces yellow to red pigments

secretion

production and release of active substances by a cell or gland

dermal papillae

projections of dermis that cause epidermal ridges and server as tactile receptors

keratin

protein that strengthens the epidermis, hair, and nails

nail root

proximal part embedded in the skin

cavernous hemangioma

reddish-blue, irregularly shaped, solid and spongy mass of blood vessels

debridement

removing dead tissue and debris from a wound

dermabrasion

sanding down tattooed skin

tactile cells

sensory touch receptors; aka Merkel cells

cortex

several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla

nodule

similar to papules but go deeper within the skin, usually rupturing hair follicle walls

nail folds

skin folds that overlap border of nail

nail bed

skin underlying the nail plate

papule

small, solid skin elevation; do not contain pus

capillary hemangioma

strawberry birthmark; pink or red birthmark

striae

stretch marks

hair matrix

structure adjacent to the hair papilla in the hair bulb where special keratinization occurs

papillary layer

superficial layer of the dermis; made of loose, areolar connective tissue

lines of cleavage

tension lines that indicate the direction of collagen fiber bundlese

sensory reception

the ability of tactile sensory receptors to detect stimuli

nail matrix

the actively growing part of the nail

reticular layer

the deeper layer of the dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue

anagen phase

the first and longest phase of hair growth where it is actively growing; can last from 18 weeks to 7 years

lunula

the half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail

ectoderm and mesoderm

the integumentary system is derived from what two germ layers?

keratinocytes

the most abundant cell type in the epidermis and found throughout all epidermal layers; produce keratin.

cuticle

the narrow band of epidermis extending from the nail wall onto the nail surface; aka eponychium

mesoderm

the origin of the dermis is which layer?

ectoderm

the origin of the epidermis is which layer?

regeneration

the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before

catagen phase

the second phase of hair growth where cell division ceases and the follicle undergoes involution; lasts about 3 to 4 weeks

cytokeratins

the specific type of keratin cells within keratinocytes

stratum spinosum

the spiny layer

dermatoglyphics

the study of the pattern of friction ridges

telogen phase

the third and final hair growth phase where the hair is usually shed; 3 or 4 months after this phase, the follicle enters the anagen phase again

stratum corneum

the top, hornlike layer consisting of 20-30 layers of dead keratinized cells

granulation tissue

the vascular connective tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound

arrector pili

thin ribbons of smooth muscle extending from the hair follicle to the dermal papillae; produces goosebumps

stratum lucidum

thin, translucent layer of dead cells found only in thick skin made of 2-3 keratinocyte layers

nail pitting

tiny depressions or shallow holes appearing in the nail body

epidermis

top layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the integumentary system

sweat gland duct

transports the secretion to the surface of the epidermis or hair follicle

hemangioma

tumor consisting of blood vessels

rule of nines

used to estimate surface area of burn for determining fluid replacement

Beau's lines

visible depressions running across the width of the natural nail plate

nail body

visible, darker part of the nail

what vitamin is beta-carotene converted into?

vitamin A

cholecalciferol

vitamin D3 in response to keratinocytes being exposed to UV light

cerumen

waterproof earwax

(1) protection (2) water balance (3) vitamin D synthesis (4) secretion (5) absorption (6) temperature regulation (7) immune assistance (8) sensory perception

what are the 8 functions of the integumentary system?

(1) stratum corneum (2) stratum lucidum (3) stratum spinosum (4) stratum granulosum (5) stratum basale

what are the five layers of epidermis (top to bottom?)

(1) protection (2) heat retention (3) sensory reception (4) visual identification

what are the four functions of hair?

holocrine glands

what are the sebaceous glands known as?

(1) anagen (2) catagen (3) telogen

what are the three stages of the hair growth cycle?

merocrine and apocrine

what are the two different types of sweat glands?

connective tissue root sheath and epithelial tissue root sheath

what are the two layers within the hair follicle?

epidermis and dermis

what are the two layers within the integumentary system?

a papillary layer and a reticular layer

what are the two major regions of the dermis?

sweat and sebaceous glands

what are the two most common exocrine glands?

ceruminous glands and mammary glands

what are the two specialized integument glands?

3rd

what degree burn is considered a full-thickness burn?

1st and 2nd

what degree burns are considered a partial-thickness burn?

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

what is the ABCDE rule?

integument

what is the body's largest organ?

3-5 days

what is the healing time for a 1st degree burn?

2-4 weeks

what is the healing time for a 2nd degree burn?

basal cell carcinoma

what is the least dangerous type of skin cancer?

thermoregulation

what is the major function of merocrine glands?

skin cancer

what is the most common type of cancer?

basal cell carcinoma

what is the most common type of skin cancer?

malignant melanoma

what is the most deadly type of skin cancer?

immerse burn in cool water or apply cool, wet compress

what is the treatment for a 1st degree burn?

immerse burn in cool water or apply cool, wet compress; careful not to break blisters; elevate limbs

what is the treatment for a 2nd degree burn?

hospitalization; skin grafts usually necessary

what is the treatment for a 3rd degree burn?

subcutaneous layer

what layer is below the dermis?

keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

what three cells make up the stratum basale?

subcutaneous fat

when adipose tissue predominates areolar tissue in the subcutaneous layer in the body

nail clubbing

when the nail enlarges or clubs at the edges and they grow curved around the tip; indicative of hypoxia

stratum basale

where does basal cell carcinoma originate?

melanocytes

where does malignant melanoma originate?

stratum spinosum

where does squamous cell carcinoma originate?

palms and soles

where is thick skin found?

stratum lucidum

which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

stratum granulosum

which layer does keratinization begin?

vasodilation

widening of the blood vessels, which increases blood flow; releases heat

carotene

yellow-orange pigment

root

zone of hair from bulb to skin surface


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