BIO 168 Lecture Unit 1
Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as a) symptoms. b) disorders. c) disturbance. d) diseases e) signs.
signs.
This is the transport process by which gases, like O2 and CO2, move through a membrane. a) osmosis b) active transport c) secondary active transport d) simple diffusion e) endocytosis
simple diffusion
a) plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > digestion by enzymes > solutes released b) solutes released > plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > digestion by enzymes c) vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > solutes released > plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes d) vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes > solutes released e) plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes > solutes released
plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes > solutes released
The function of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to a) separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities. b) protect the central nervous system. c) prevent infection. d) reduce friction between neighboring organs. e) carry nervous impulses.
reduce friction between neighboring organs.
Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of a) growth. b) movement. c) responsiveness. d) reproduction. e) differentiation.
responsiveness.
Which of the following represents the largest and most complex level of structural organization in the human body? a) chemical level b) cellular level c) tissue level d) organ level e) organismal level
organismal level
Spongy bone tissue lacks a) lamellae. b) lacunae. c) osteocytes. d) osteons. e) canaliculi.
osteons.
Which of the following structures or regions could you clearly see when you are viewing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position? a) shoulder blade b) palm of the hand c) plantar surface of foot d) popliteal region of the knee e) gluteal region
palm of the hand
Which of the following is a safe non-invasive imaging technique that uses the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of body tissues to visualize a fetus during pregnancy? a) computed tomography b) magnetic resonance imaging c) ultrasound scanning d) radionuclide scanning e) amniocentesis
ultrasound scanning
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions? a) frontal b) sagittal c) transverse d) oblique e) midsagittal
frontal
Specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule that confer characteristic chemical properties upon that molecule are called a) hydrocarbon chains. b) polymers. c) carbon skeleton. d) functional groups. e) isomers.
functional groups.
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the great toe? a) pollex b) tarsal c) hallux d) pedal e) carpal
hallux
Which term refers to the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body? a) metabolism b) anabolism c) catabolism d) auscultation e) palpation
metabolism
What other organelle besides the nucleus contain DNA? a) Golgi complex b) lysosome c) ribosomes d) mitochondrion e) centrosome
mitochondrion
Which of the following is NOT one of the main tissue types found in the human body? a) epithelial b) connective c) myocardial d) muscle e) nervous
myocardial
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic types of tissues found in the human body? a) epithelial tissue b) connective tissue c) muscular tissue d) necrotic tissue e) nervous tissue
necrotic tissue
The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are a) neuroglial cells and neurons. b) neurons and mast cells. c) neurons and dendritic cells. d) neuroglial cells and myofibers. e) neurons and somites.
neuroglial cells and neurons.
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the functional properties of nerve cells? a) endocrinology b) cardiovascular physiology c) neurophysiology d) immunology e) pathophysiology
neurophysiology
Which of the following protects the contents of the nucleus? a) nucleic acids b) nuclear membrane c) centrosome d) cilia e) Golgi complex
nuclear membrane
What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons? a) cloud b) nucleus c) element d) ring e) shell
nucleus
What is the major function of histones? a) needed for helix formation of the DNA b) add negative charge to the DNA c) help organize coiling and folding of the DNA d) degrade faulty proteins in the nucleus e) catalyze methylation of the DNA
help organize coiling and folding of the DNA
A solute that readily dissolves in water is a) hydrophobic. b) hydrostatic. c) lipophilic. d) hydrophilic. e) hydrozone.
hydrophilic.
This type of protein protects against pathogens. a) contractile b) immunological c) regulatory d) catalytic e) transport
immunological
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body's defense against disease-causing agents? a) exercise physiology b) renal physiology c) pathophysiology d) cardiovascular physiology e) immunology
immunology
What structural components of the membrane are labeled (C) in the diagram? a) peripheral proteins b) cholesterol molecules c) pores d) integral proteins e) phospholipids
integral proteins
Epithelial tissue a) is used as a covering of body surfaces. b) is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs. c) is used to form glands. d) usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment. e) All of these answer choices are correct.
All of these answer choices are correct.
Which of the following types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue? a) Elastic b) Reticular c) Collagen d) All of these answer choices are correct. e) None of these answer choices are correct.
All of these answer choices are correct.
Describe the structural characteristics of an amino acid.
Amino acids contain a central carbon atom with 1) a hydrogen atom, 2) an amino group, 3) an acidic carboxyl group, and 4) a side chain attached to it.
Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body's internal environment.
An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions containing the dissolved substances needed to sustain life. The fluid within cells is intracellular fluid (ICF) and the fluid found outside of cells is extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF consists of interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous. The ECF called interstitial fluid, which is the fluid found in the narrow spaces between cells and tissues, is also known as the body's internal environment. This is due to the fact that the proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them.
Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue? a) Blood b) Spongy bone c) Areolar connective tissue d) Elastic connective tissue e) Hyaline cartilage
Areolar connective tissue
What is the difference between atomic mass, mass number and atomic number?
Atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of the atom. Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons found in an atom.
Specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shape and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction are called a) organelles. b) cytoskeletons. c) cytoplasm. d) cytosol. e) nuclei.
organelles.
Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles modifies, sorts, and packages proteins destined for other regions of the cell? a) endoplasmic reticulum b) Golgi complex c) peroxisomes d) nucleus e) proteasome
Golgi complex
Which component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together? a) Matrix b) Formed elements c) Ground substance d) Basement membrane e) Plasma membrane
Ground substance
Name and briefly describe the two types of growth seen in cartilage.
Growth of cartilage can be classified as interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of matrix by the chondrocytes. In appositional growth, activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width.
Which type of exocrine gland accumulates its secretory product in the cytosol of its cells until the cell ruptures and becomes part of the secretory product? a) Apocrine b) Exocrine c) Holocrine d) All of these answer choices are correct. e) None of these answer choices are correct.
Holocrine
Define homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes contain similar genes arranged in the same (or almost the same) order.
Why is the human digestive system unable to digest cellulose?
Human digestive system lacks the enzyme to recognize the structure and break the bonds that hold this polysaccharide together.
Discuss how a damaged tissue is repaired.
In order to replace the worn-out, damaged or dead cells, new cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which are the immature and undifferentiated cells, will divide to replace the lost or damaged cells.
Describe the anatomical position.
In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.
Compare mitosis to meiosis.
Mitosis is somatic cell division that produces two identical cells with the same number (diploid) and kinds of chromosomes as the original cell. Meiosis is reproductive cell division that produces cells in which the number of chromosomes in the nucleus is reduced in half (haploid)
Briefly describe the octet rule.
One atom is more likely to combine with another atom if doing so will leave both atoms with eight electrons in their valence shells.
The ribs are _____ to the sternum a) lateral b) medial c) proximal d) distal e) superior
lateral
Which directional term means farther from the midline? a) medial b) anterior c) proximal d) deep e) lateral
lateral
Which type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity? a) Cutaneous membrane b) Serous membrane c) Mucous membrane d) Basement membrane e) Synovial membrane
Serous membrane
Which type of multicellular exocrine gland has a branched rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands? a) Simple coiled tubular gland b) Compound tubular gland c) Compound tuboloacinar gland d) Simple branched acinar gland e) Simple branched tubular gland
Simple branched acinar gland
Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels? a) Simple squamous epithelium b) Simple cuboidal epithelium c) Stratified squamous epithelium d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium e) Simple columnar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands? a) Simple squamous epithelium b) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium c) Stratified squamous epithelium d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium e) Transitional epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin? a) Simple squamous epithelium b) Simple cuboidal epithelium c) Stratified squamous epithelium d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium e) Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found? a) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin b) Lining the chambers of the heart c) Surrounding the brain d) Inside the ear canal e) In the cartilage found in joints
Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
Which of the following types of membranes found in the human body does NOT contain epithelial tissue? a) Mucous membrane b) Serous membrane c) Cutaneous membrane d) Synovial membrane
Synovial membrane
Which disease below is an inherited condition characterized by the absence of a single lysosomal enzyme called Hex A? a) Tay-Sachs disease b) leukemia c) progeria d) lymphoma e) Werner syndrome
Tay-Sachs disease
List the basic processes of life.
The basic processes of life include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation and reproduction.
Briefly state the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes glycoproteins, phospholipids and digestive enzymes that are transferred to other cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, secreted during exocytosis or stored in the lysosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies harmful substances, removes phosphate groups from glucose-6-phosphate, and stores and releases calcium ions that trigger contractions in muscle fibers.
List the steps involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis.
The steps involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis include 1)ligand binding, 2)vesicle formation, 3)uncoating of the vesicle, 4)fusion of the vesicle with endosome, 5)recycling of receptors to the plasma membrane, and 6)degradation of the ligand in the lysosome.
Name the cavities of the trunk and the serous membranes that line them.
The two main cavities of the trunk are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity can be divided into three smaller cavities called the pericardial cavity, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities. The pericardial cavity is lined by the pericardium. The pleural cavity is lined by the pleura. The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities, both of which are lined by the peritoneum.
Which of the following is NOT true about phospholipids? a) They contain a glycerol backbone. b) The head group is polar. c) The molecule is an important part of cell membranes. d) The tail groups are nonpolar. e) They are a major form of energy storage.
They are a major form of energy storage.
Describe what is happening at places 1, 2 and 3 in the diagram.
This figure represents how an enzyme works. At number one, the enzyme and substrate come together at the active site of the enzyme forming the enzyme-substrate complex. At number two, the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and transforms the substrate into products, which are then released from the enzyme. At number three, the reaction is complete and the enzyme remains unchanged and free to catalyze the same reaction again on a new substrate.
Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure.
This figure represents protein synthesis. Step one, the initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. In step two, the large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. In step three, the anticodon of an incoming tRNA pairs with the next mRNA codon at A site. Step four, the amino acid on the tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with the amino acid at A site. Step five, the tRNA at the P site leaves the ribosome and the ribosome shifts down by one codon. The tRNA previously at the A site is now at the P site. Step six is when protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches one of three potential stop codons on the mRNA strand.
What type of molecule is shown in the diagram? Where in a eukaryotic cell would this type of molecule be commonly found? What special chemical properties does this molecule possess that allows it to accomplish its functions?
This is a phospholipid found in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. It has a polar hydrophilic head group and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail group making it amphipathic. This chemical property allows it to form the lipid bilayer of the membrane with its polar group oriented on the surface of the membrane and its hydrophobic tails oriented away from the surrounding water in the interior of the lipid bilayer.
List three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Three factors that increase reaction rates are the presence of enzymes (catalysts), increased concentration of reactants, and increased temperature.
The following is a particular sequence of base triplet on a DNA molecule: ATG. What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA? a) TAC b) GUA c) GTA d) CTA e) UAC
UAC
The following is a particular sequence of codon on mRNA: ACU. What is the corresponding anti-codon for the tRNA? a) UGA b) UCA c) TGA d) TCA e) AUC
UGA
Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which of the following types of medical imaging? a) computed tomography b) magnetic resonance imaging c) ultrasound scanning d) radionuclide scanning e) low-dose radiography
low-dose radiography
Describe the functions of water in the body.
Water is a solvent that allows transportation of solutes. Water acts in hydrolysis reactions to split reactants. Water can transport heat in the body and can be used to release heat from the body as occurs in sweating. Water is used as a lubricant, particularly in serous fluids like those surrounding the lungs and on mucosal membranes like those lining the gastrointestinal tract.
Briefly describe the driving force for the movement of water across plasma membranes.
Water moves across membranes by osmosis, which is driven by solute concentration differences across the membrane. Water moves from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high solute concentrations.
Electrical signals called _____ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called _____ that are then used to communicate with other cells. a) action potentials; neurotransmitters b) action potentials; hormones c) action potentials; cytokines d) threshold potentials; cytokines e) threshold potentials; neurotransmitters
action potentials; neurotransmitters
The initial energy "investment" needed to start a chemical reaction in a cell is called the a) energy of products. b) energy of reactants. c) potential energy. d) Gibb's free energy. e) activation energy.
activation energy.
These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities. a) tight junctions and hemidesmosomes b) gap junctions and tight junctions c) adherens junctions and desmosomes d) desmosomes and gap junctions e) hemidesmosome and tight junctions
adherens junctions and desmosomes
What is the name given to a negatively charged atom? a) superoxide b) isotope c) catalyst d) anion e) cation
anion
A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a(n) a) electrolyte. b) salt. c) cation. d) colloid. e) buffer
buffer
Which of the following types of tissues is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body? a) skeletal muscle b) smooth muscle c) cardiac muscle d) intercalated cells e) myoblasts
cardiac muscle
AB + CD → AD + BC is a general example of a(n) _____ reaction. a) decomposition b) synthesis c) exchange d) reversible e) catalyzed
exchange
Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows a type of epithelial tissue whose functions include movement of mucus over their apical surface by ciliary action? 1 B, 2 C, 3 E a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 and 3 only e) All of these Answer choices are correct.
2 and 3 only
Which cavity contains the internal organs of reproduction? a) (A) b) (B) c) (C) d) (D) e) (E)
Letter E
Which plane is frontal? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter E
Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining the large excretory ducts of esophageal gland and whose functions include protection and secretion? a) A b) D c) E d) G e) H
Letter G
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows fibrocartilage? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I
Letter H
Which feedback system structure receives output from the control center? a) receptor b) stimulus c) response d) effector e) efferent pathway
effector
What are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids? a) phosphate-containing head groups b) fatty acid tail groups c) Both the head and tail groups are nonpolar. d) Neither the head nor tail groups are nonpolar.
fatty acid tail groups
Which of the following describes the major significance of the element carbon in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) constituent of water c) forms backbone of all organic molecules d) required to harden the structure of bones and teeth e) ionized form is the part of hemoglobin that carries oxygen
forms backbone of all organic molecules
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is called a(n) a) compound. b) free radical. c) ion. d) molecule.
free radical.
In the diagram, what would happen to the concentration of C if the concentration of A increases? a) increases b) decreases c) no change
increases
This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein. a) RNA b) introns c) exons d) polyribosome e) ribosome
introns
Which of the following describes the major significance of the element nitrogen in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid c) ionized form is needed for action of many enzymes d) is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid
is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids
Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide? a) ribose b) lactose c) galactose d) glycogen e) cellulose
lactose
Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide? a) ribose b) lactose c) glycogen d) maltose e) galactose
lactose
Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which of the following types of medical imaging. a) computed tomography b) magnetic resonance imaging c) ultrasound scanning d) radionuclide scanning e) low-dose radiography
low-dose radiography
An enzyme acts to a) raise the activation energy needed to start the reaction. b) lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction. c) convert the activation energy into potential energy. d) convert the activation energy into kinetic energy. e) stop a chemical reaction.
lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction.
Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? a) frontal b) midsagittal c) transverse d) oblique e) coronal
midsagittal
The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the a) cardiovascular and integumentary systems. b) nervous and endocrine systems. c) cardiovascular and respiratory systems. d) respiratory and muscular systems. e) urinary and integumentary systems.
nervous and endocrine systems.
Which of the following subatomic particles has a neutral charge? a) neutron b) electron c) proton d) Both neutron and electron. e) All of these choices.
neutron
Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures? a) anatomy b) physiology c) endocrinology d) histology e) immunology
physiology
The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of a) red blood cells. b) white blood cells. c) plasma. d) lymph. e) albumin
plasma.
The chemical bonds formed between the atoms in a water molecule are called a) nonpolar covalent bonds. b) polar covalent bonds. c) hydrogen bonds. d) ionic bonds. e) atomic bonds.
polar covalent bonds.
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the thumb? a) pollex b) tarsal c) hallux d) volar e) carpal
pollex
This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain. a) saturated b) monounsaturated c) polyunsaturated d) volatile e) short chain
polyunsaturated
In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients. a) primary active transport b) secondary active transport c) facilitated diffusion d) passive diffusion e) osmosis
primary active transport
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of a) enzymes and membranous organelles. b) plasma membranes and ground substance. c) keratinized cells and protein fibers. d) calcified crystals of minerals and enzymes. e) protein fibers and ground substance.
protein fibers and ground substance.
What compound would a cell lacking ribosomes be unable to make? a) lipids b) nucleotides c) proteins d) carbohydrates e) phospholipids
proteins
The three types of subatomic particles that are important for understanding chemical reactions in the human body are a) neutrons, quarks, and muons. b) protons, neutrons, and electrons. c) muons, positons, and neutrons. d) electrons, quarks, and protons. e) positons, protons, and neutrons.
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The main function of dense regular connective tissues is a) storing minerals for later use. b) forming stroma of soft organs. c) reducing heat loss from the body surface. d) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones. e) providing elasticity to stretchable organs.
providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.
A triple covalent bond is formed between atoms sharing _____ valence electrons. a) one b) two c) three d) six e) eight
six
Which of the following types of tissues contains multinucleated cells whose movements are under voluntary control? a) skeletal muscle b) smooth muscle c) cardiac muscle d) transitional epithelium e) areolar tissue
skeletal muscle
Which organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids, phospholipids and functions as a reservoir for Ca2+? a) mitochondrion b) secretory vesicle c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum d) rough endoplasmic reticulum e) lysosome
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called a) stem cells. b) parenchymal cells. c) fibrotic cells. d) granulocytes. e) agranulocytes
stem cells.
Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the a) matrix. b) ground substance. c) basement membrane. d) stroma. e) glycosaminoglycans.
stroma.
A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into a) anterior and posterior portions. b) left and right portions. c) superior and inferior portions. d) portions separated at an angle to its longitudinal axis. e) unequal left and right portions.
superior and inferior portions.
During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be a) signs. b) symptoms. c) pharmacology. d) controlled condition. e) epidemiology.
symptoms.
Which type of chemical reaction combines reactants to produce larger products? a) synthesis b) decomposition c) potential d) exchange e) activated
synthesis
Which of the following transport processes moves substances through cells using endocytosis on one side of a cell and exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell? a) phagocytosis b) secondary active transport c) transcytosis d) osmosis e) simple diffusion
transcytosis
Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram D? a) heat production b) pumping of blood c) propulsion of food d) contraction of bladder e) conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers
(neural) conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers
Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram A? a) heat production b) pumping of blood c) propulsion of food d) contraction of bladder e) conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers
(skeletal muscle tissue) heat production
The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule, which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids, consists of a a) -OH group. b) -CH3 group. c) -CH4 group d) -COOH group e) None of these choices is correct.
-OH group.
In the diagram, which panel shows cells that are in interphase? 1 A, 2 C, 3 F a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 3 e) 1, 2, and 3
1 and 3
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows a muscle tissue that is under involuntary control? 1 A, 2 B, 3 C a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 e) 1 and 3
1 and 3
Which of the labeled structures are found in DNA but not RNA? 1 A, 2 B, 3 C, 4 E a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 4
1 and 4
Describe what happens to a protein's structure and function when it is denatured.
During denaturation, the folded conformation of a protein unravels and loses its unique shape. Loss of that shape destroys the protein's ability to accomplish its function.
Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a simple columnar epithelium? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter C
Which region is the hypogastric region? a) (A) b) (B) c) (C) d) (D) e) (E)
Letter C
In the diagram shown below, which of the indicated structures is composed of basal lamina and reticular lamina? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter D
In the diagram, which panel shows events occurring during anaphase? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter D
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows dense regular connective tissue? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G
Letter D
Where on the diagram is the femoral area? a) D b) E c) F d) J e) K
Letter D
Which cavity contains the liver? a) (A) b) (B) c) (C) d) (D) e) (E)
Letter D
Which cavity contains the small intestine? a) (A) b) (B) c) (C) d) (D) e) (E)
Letter D
Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a pseudostratified columnar epithelium? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter D
Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in tendons and ligaments? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F
Letter E
Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a stratified cuboidal epithelium? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F
Letter E
Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in the trachea? a) B b) C c) E d) F e) G
Letter F
In the diagram, this structure directs cellular activities. a) D b) F c) G d) A e) H
Letter G
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of cartilage that is most abundant in the human body? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I
Letter G
Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the urinary bladder walls? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) H
Letter H
Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue whose structure allows it to be stretched or distended? Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue whose structure allows it to be stretched or distended?
Letter H
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of connective tissue that contains the Hardest matrix of all connective tissues? a) J b) I c) G d) B e) D
Letter I
In the diagram, which organelle is used to modify, sort and transport proteins? a) D b) I c) A d) J e) G
Letter J
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows blood? a) J b) I c) H d) G e) F
Letter J
In which of the following locations would you most likely find transitional epithelial cells? a) Lining of the esophagus b) Outer layer of skin c) Lining of the urinary bladder d) On the surface of the heart e) Covering skull bones
Lining of the urinary bladder
List the six major functions of proteins.
Proteins have 1) structural, 2) regulatory, 3) contractile, 4) immunological, 5) transport, and 6) catalytic functions.
Briefly describe the fluid mosaic model.
The fluid mosaic model states that the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles an ever-moving sea of fluid lipids containing a mosaic of many different proteins.
Discuss the difference(s) between an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
The secretory product (hormones) of endocrine glands enters the interstitial fluid and then diffuses into the blood without going through a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or the lumen of a hollow organ. Sweat, oil, earwax, saliva and digestive enzymes are typical exocrine gland secretions.
An orderly, genetically programmed cell death is referred to as ________, while disorganized pathological cell death is referred to as ________. a) apoptosis; synapsis b) apoptosis; necrosis c) necrosis; apoptosis d) synapsis; necrosis e) necrosis; synapsis
apoptosis; necrosis
Which of the following is a term used to describe a decrease in the size of cells within a tissue or organ that ultimately results in reduction in the overall size of the tissue or organ? a) atrophy b) hyperplasia c) hypertrophy d) adhesion e) anorexia
atrophy
This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. a) mass number b) atomic number c) atomic mass d) ionic mass e) covalent mass
atomic mass
The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element's a) mass number. b) atomic number. c) atomic mass. d) valence number. e) None of these choices.
atomic number.
Which of the following noninvasive diagnostic techniques is an example of inspection? a) tapping and listening for an echo to detect fluid in the lungs b) feeling the abdomen to detect tender organs c) listening for crackling sounds during breathing d) examining the surface of patient's skin for presence of a rash e) feeling the gonads to detect abnormal masses
examining the surface of patient's skin for presence of a rash
Which of the following transport processes uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid? a) endocytosis b) exocytosis c) facilitated diffusion d) osmosis e) Both endocytosis and exocytosis.
exocytosis
In this type of transport process, a solute (e.g. glucose) binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane. This binding induces a conformational change in the carrier protein that results in the solute moving down its concentration gradient to the other side of the membrane. a) osmosis b) active transport c) secondary active transport d) facilitated diffusion e) endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
Spermatozoa is the only type of human cell that contains a _____, which is a whip-like structure that helps propel the sperm towards an oocyte. a) cilium b) flagellum c) mitochondria d) centrosome e) microvillus
flagellum
The section shown in (b) results from cutting through a _______ plane extending through the brain? a) frontal b) sagittal c) oblique d) midsagittal e) transverse
frontal
The major function of mitochondria is to a) move the cell. b) generate ATP. c) produce proteins. d) oxidize organelles. e) synthesize glycolipids.
generate ATP.
Which of the following is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy? a) glucose b) sucrose c) lactose d) glycogen e) maltose
glucose
Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells? a) cellulose b) ribose c) lipids d) glucose e) glycogen
glycogen
Functional classification of exocrine glands is based on a) shape of the gland. b) size of the gland. c) how the gland release its secretory product. d) how the gland synthesizes its secretory product. e) All of these answer choices are correct.
how the gland release its secretory product.
Which relatively weak type of bond helps stabilize the three dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA? a) nonpolar covalent b) polar covalent c) hydrogen d) ionic e) atomic
hydrogen
Surface tension of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of _____ between water molecules. a) covalent bonds b) ionic bonds c) hydrogen bonds d) ester links e) None of these choices.
hydrogen bonds
Which following types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals? a) neuroglial cells and myofibers b) myofibers and connective tissue cells c) neuroglial cells and neurons d) neurons and epithelial cells e) myofibers and neurons
myofibers and neurons
This is the site of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal subunits. a) nucleus b) nucleolus c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum d) rough endoplasmic reticulum e) Golgi complex
nucleolus
Which monomer is used to build RNA and DNA? a) fatty acid b) amino acid c) monosaccharide d) glycerol e) nucleotide
nucleotide
Which of the following correctly list the levels of structural organization in the human body from largest to smallest? a) chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism b) cellular - chemical - tissue - organ - organ system - organism c) organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cellular - chemical d) organ - organ system - organism - tissue - cellular - chemical e) tissue - cellular - organ - organ system - organism - chemical
organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cellular - chemical
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue? a) osteon b) stroma c) lamellae d) chromosome e) lacunae
osteon
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the ear? a) otic b) orbital c) ocular d) oral e) occipital
otic
What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart? a) diaphragm b) visceral pleura c) parietal pericardium d) visceral pericardium e) mediastinum
parietal pericardium
In a polar covalent bond, the atom that has the most electronegativity will have a a) full negative charge (-1). b) full positive charge (+1). c) partial negative charge. d) partial positive charge. e) neutral charge.
partial negative charge.
Which subspecialty of anatomy deals with the study of structural changes associated with disease? a) embryology b) developmental biology c) radiographic anatomy d) pathological anatomy e) immunology
pathological anatomy
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging? a) exercise physiology b) renal physiology c) pathophysiology d) cardiovascular physiology e) immunology
pathophysiology
Which cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity? a) vertebral canal b) cranial cavity c) abdominal cavity d) pericardial cavity e) pelvic cavity
pelvic cavity
Which cavity contains the heart? a) cranial cavity b) vertebral cavity c) abdominal cavity d) pericardial cavity e) pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
Which serous membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm? a) pericardium b) pleura c) mediastinum d) dura mater e) peritoneum
peritoneum
Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles contains several oxidases that are involved in oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids during normal metabolism and in detoxification of chemicals like alcohol in the liver? a) peroxisomes b) mitochondria c) proteasome d) ribosomes e) lysosomes
peroxisomes
The three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma membrane are a) phospholipids, glycoproteins, and water. b) proteins, cholesterol, and fatty acids. c) cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycolipids. d) phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. e) phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.
What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell? a) plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm b) plasma membrane, organelles, nucleus c) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles d) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus e) plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
The lungs are located in the a) cranial cavity. b) vertebral cavity. c) abdominal cavity. d) pericardial cavity. e) pleural cavity.
pleural cavity.
During phagocytosis, binding of a particle to a plasma membrane receptor triggers formation of _____, which are extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte that eventually surround the particle forming a phagosome. a) podocytes b) exterior vesicles c) interior vesicles d) pseudopods e) lysosomes
pseudopods
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis shown in the figure? a) pseudopods surround particle > phagosome formed > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > digestion by lysosomal enzymes > residual body formed b) phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > digestion by lysosomal enzymes > residual body formed c) phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > residual body formed > digestion by lysosomal enzymes d) residual body formed > phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > digestion by lysosomal enzymes e) fusion of lysosome and phagosome > residual body formed > phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > digestion by lysosomal enzymes
pseudopods surround particle > phagosome formed > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > digestion by lysosomal enzymes > residual body formed
Which feedback system structure provides input to the control center? a) receptor b) muscle c) response d) effector e) efferent pathway
receptor
Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters? a) transporters b) receptors c) enzymes d) linkers e) cell identification markers
receptors
Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles is the site of synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins? a) rough endoplasmic reticulum b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum c) nucleus d) centrosome e) Golgi complex
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What transport process uses the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients? a) primary active transport b) secondary active transport c) facilitated diffusion d) passive diffusion e) osmosis
secondary active transport
Plasma membranes are _____, which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not. a) selectively permeable b) concentration graded c) electrically graded d) selectively soluble e) electrical insulators
selectively permeable
Which of the following types of tissues is made up of small spindle-shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs? a) skeletal muscle b) smooth muscle c) cardiac muscle d) transitional epithelium e) areolar tissue
smooth muscle
Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The heart is _____ to the liver. a) inferior b) anterior c) contralateral d) superior e) superficial
superior
The stomach is _____ to the urinary bladder. a) lateral b) medial c) distal d) inferior e) superior
superior
Which term defines a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function? a) tissue b) organ c) molecules d) compounds e) organism
tissue
This is a measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. a) filtration b) normality c) tonicity d) equivalency e) facilitation
tonicity
Which of the following is a common function of RNA? a) produce electrical impulses b) storage of energy c) transfer information for protein synthesis d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis e) transport of fluids
transfer information for protein synthesis
Which of the following describes the major function of ATP in cells? a) building block for the synthesis of proteins. b) transfers energy for cell functions c) transfers information for protein synthesis d) stores information for protein synthesis e) transports fluids
transfers energy for cell functions
This type of membrane protein extends across the entire lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane touching both intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid. a) complement protein b) transmembrane protein c) peripheral protein d) lipoprotein e) All of these choices are correct.
transmembrane protein
The section shown in (c) results from cutting through a _____ plane extending through the brain? a) frontal b) sagittal c) oblique d) midsagittal e) transverse
transverse
This type of lipid is the body's primary long-term energy storage molecule. a) steroid b) phospholipid c) cholesterol d) triglyceride e) lipoprotein
triglyceride
This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation. a) phospholipids b) triglycerides c) bile salts d) sex hormones e) carotenes
triglycerides
The thin extracellular layer, consisting of the basal and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called the a) basement membrane. b) tunica adventitia. c) tight junction. d) adherens junctions. e) gap junctions.
basement membrane.
What are the four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body? a) nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, sodium b) hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium c) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen d) oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium e) potassium, phosphorus, sodium, hydrogen
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cytosol? a) primarily consists of water b) cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins c) site of many important chemical reactions d) often contains aggregates of triglycerides that form lipid droplets e) contains the enzymes of glycolysis
cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins
This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material. a) cytoskeleton b) cilia c) centrosome d) flagella e) peroxisomes
centrosome
Which of the following substances has a pH closest to 7.0? a) lye b) vaginal fluid c) gastric juice d) cerebrospinal fluid e) milk of magnesia
cerebrospinal fluid
A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be: a) childbirth b) body temperature c) blood pressure d) heart rate e) blood sugar
childbirth
This lipid is used by the body as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones. a) arachidonic acid b) phospholipid c) cholesterol d) triglyceride e) lipoprotein
cholesterol
What structural component of the membrane is labeled (E) in the diagram? a) glycoprotein b) cholesterol c) channel protein d) glycolipid e) phospholipid
cholesterol
The difference in concentration of a specific chemical, like Na+, on the inside and outside of a plasma is referred as a(n) a) electrochemical potential. b) membrane potential. c) electrical gradient. d) concentration gradient. e) biological capacitance.
concentration gradient.
This type of protein is involved with shortening of muscle cells to produce movement. a) contractile b) structural c) regulatory d) catalytic e) transport
contractile
Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms? a) covalent b) ionic c) hydrogen d) atomic e) electronic
covalent
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell's a) cytoskeleton. b) nucleus. c) plasma membrane. d) flagella. e) ribosome.
cytoskeleton.
Which type of chemical reaction breaks larger reactants into smaller products? a) synthesis b) decomposition c) potential d) exchange e) activated
decomposition
Which of the following organs is not found in the abdominal cavity? a) stomach b) spleen c) liver d) gallbladder e) diaphragm
diaphragm
An embryonic stem cell undergoes _____ to become a neuron. a) catabolism b) growth c) reproduction d) anabolism e) differentiation
differentiation
Which directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure? a) deep b) contralateral c) lateral d) cephalic e) distal
distal
A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in water is called a(n) a) isotope. b) isomer. c) compound. d) electrolyte e) valence molecule.
electrolyte
Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases? a) exergonic b) endergonic c) potential d) kinetic e) activation
endergonic
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the chemical regulators in the blood? a) endocrinology b) cardiovascular physiology c) neurophysiology d) immunology e) pathophysiology
endocrinology
Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell? a) endocytosis b) exocytosis c) facilitated diffusion d) osmosis e) Both endocytosis and exocytosis.
endocytosis
Which term is defined as the capacity to do work? a) metabolism b) electrolytes c) chemical reaction d) concentration e) energy
energy
This type of membrane protein enables cells to catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of their plasma membrane. a) receptors b) phospholipids c) cholesterol d) enzymes e) ligands
enzymes
The energy stored in the bonds of the molecules in the foods that humans eat is 1. a form of kinetic energy., 2. a form of potential energy. 3. referred to as chemical energy. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 and 3 e) All of these choices
2 and 3
Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two atoms to form covalent bonds? 1. neutron, 2. electron, 3. proton a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 & 3 only e) 1, 2 & 3
2 only
Which of the cells in the diagram contains structural adaptations that increase surface area for absorption? 1 B , 2 C , 3 D , 4 E a) 3 and 4 b) 1 only c) 2 only d) 3 only e) 4 only
3 and 4
Which of the following is an example of the basic life process called growth? 1. muscle contraction 2. digestion of proteins 3. lifting weights and gaining muscle mass 4. mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 3 and 4
3 and 4
In the diagram, what pH value represents an acidic solution? a) 12 b) 10 c) 8 d) 6 e) None of these choices.
6
Which of the following shows ligand binding at the cell surface? a) B b) C c) D d) A e) E
Letter C
Describe a feedback system and list its general components.
A feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is monitored, evaluated and changed to maintain homeostasis. A feedback system will include a receptor that detects the stimuli, a control center that receives the input from the receptor and generates an output, and an effector that receives the output and produces a response.
Define mixture and then distinguish between the three types of mixtures called solutions, colloids and suspensions.
A mixture is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds. A solution is a mixture where the solutes are evenly dispersed among the solvent molecules. Solutions have a clear appearance. Colloids are like solutions except the solutes are big enough to scatter light. A colloid appears translucent or opaque. Suspensions are mixtures where the suspended material will eventually settle out.
Describe the differences between positive and negative feedback systems.
A positive feedback system will strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition.
Briefly describe alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing of mRNA is a process in which the pre-mRNA transcribed from a gene is spliced in different ways to produce several different mRNAs. The different mRNAs are used to make different proteins.
Name and briefly describe the different categories of epithelial tissues based on cell shape and number of layers of cells found in the tissue.
Based on cell shape, epithelial tissues can be divided into four categories including: 1)squamous which are thin and flat, 2)cuboidal which are similar in width and height, 3)columnar are taller than they are wide and 4)transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to squamous and back again. Epithelial tissues can also be categorized based on the number of layers of cells found in the tissue. These categories include: 1)simple which means a single layer of cells, 2)stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3)pseudostratified which is one layer of cells that appears multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells.
Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport.
Both are energy requiring transport processes that are capable of moving substances against their concentration gradients. Energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP drives primary active transport, while energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient drives secondary active transport.
Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.
Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary.
Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue.
Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels. Adipocytes store triglycerides. White blood cells migrate from blood to connective tissue in response to certain immune system conditions.
Briefly describe the four parts of an osteon.
Each osteon includes lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves.
Describe the law of conservation of energy.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another form.
Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes? a) Enzymes are catalytic proteins. b) Enzymes are highly specific. c) Enzymes are efficient. d) Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls. e) Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze.
Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze.
Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue? a) Bone b) Blood c) Cartilage d) Tendons e) Epidermis
Epidermis
The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of which type of connective tissue? a) Adipose tissue b) Elastic cartilage c) Fibrocartilage d) Dense irregular connective tissue e) Reticular connective tissue
Fibrocartilage
Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues? a) Hyaluronic acid b) Melatonin c) Cholesterol d) Glycogen e) Starch
Hyaluronic acid
Describe a hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom that has partial positive charge and another atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, carrying partial negative charge.
All of the following are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT: a) It involves synthesizing new biomolecules. b) It primarily involves endergonic reactions. c) It releases large amounts of energy. d) An example of anabolism is linking amino acids together to form proteins. e) An example is the formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules.
It releases large amounts of energy.
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of epithelial tissues? a) Cells are tightly packed together. b) Large amount of extracellular matrix. c) Contains no blood vessels within tissue. d) Found on the exposed surfaces of the body. e) Line the inside of blood vessels.
Large amount of extracellular matrix.
In the diagram shown below, where is the apical surface of the epithelial cell? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter A
In the diagram shown below, which cellular junction is a tight junction?a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter A
In the diagram, which organelle aids movement of the cell? a) A b) G c) H d) D e) I
Letter A
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows areolar connective tissue? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter A
What structural component of the membrane is labeled (B) in the diagram? a) glycoprotein b) cholesterol c) glycolipid d) channel protein e) phospholipid
Letter A
Which of the following figures shows tissue found along the developing bones of the embryo? a) A b) B c) C d) E e) F
Letter A
Which of the following represents an ion channel? a) F b) C c) D d) A e) E
Letter A
Which of the following shows ligand binding at the cell surface? a) F b) C c) D d) A e) E
Letter A
Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue whose functions include filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter A
Which region is the epigastric region? a) (A) b) (B) c) (C) d) (D) e) (E)
Letter A
(not likely to be on lecture or lab) Which radiographs were obtained using low-dose x-rays? a) (A) and (B) b) (B) and (C) c) (C) and (D) d) (A) and (C) e) (B) and (E)
Letter A and B
In the diagram, removal of one or more of this type of subatomic particle would result in the formation of a cation? a) A b) B c) C d) All of these choices. e) None of these choices.
Letter B
Where on the diagram is the cervical area? a) C b) E c) J d) K e) B
Letter B
Which contains the spinal cord? a) (A) b) (B) c) (C) d) (D) e) (E)
Letter B
Which of the following figures shows tissue whose functions are secretion and absorption? a) B b) C c) D d) G e) H
Letter B
Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the kidney tubules? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter B
Which plane is parasagittal? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter B
In the diagram shown below, which cell junction is a desmosome? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter C
In the diagram which particles are negatively charged? a) A b) B c) C d) All of these choices. e) None of these choices.
Letter C
In the diagram, which one represents a hypertonic solution a) A b) B c) C d) Both B and C e) All of these choices are correct.
Letter C
In the diagram, which one represents carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion? a) A b) B c) C d) Both A and C e) Both B and C
Letter C
In the diagram, which organelle is responsible for autophagy and autolysis? a) C b) B c) F d) J e) D
Letter C
In the diagram, which panel shows the kinetochore of the centromeres aligning along the center of the mitotic spindle of the cell? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
Letter C
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows cardiac muscle? a) A b) B c) C d) All of these answer choices are correct. e) None of these answer choices are correct.
Letter C
In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows reticular connective tissue? a) J b) C c) E d) F e) H
Letter C
Which of the following types of glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched? a) Unicellular exocrine glands b) Multicellular exocrine glands c) Unicellular endocrine glands d) Multicellular endocrine glands e) All of these answer choices are correct.
Multicellular exocrine glands
Briefly describe how proteins move through the Golgi complex.
Proteins are packaged into transport vesicles by the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane. These vesicles enter on the (cis) face of the Golgi complex, and the proteins move through the cisternae, from (cis) face through to exit (trans) face. Proteins will leave from the (trans) face of the Golgi complex in vesicles that will deliver the protein to plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, or to other organelles in the cell.
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the fallopian tubes, uterus, and some bronchioles of the respiratory tract? a) Simple cuboidal epithelium b) Simple columnar epithelium c) Stratified columnar epithelium d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium e) Transitional epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Describe five different functions of integral membrane proteins.
Some membrane proteins act as ion channels or carriers that transport substances across the membrane. Other membrane proteins act as receptors that allow the cell to respond to various types of ligands. Other membrane proteins are enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions. Still other membrane proteins act as linker proteins that anchor cells to neighboring structures including other cells. Lastly, some membrane proteins serve as cell identity molecules.
Name the structural levels of the body and briefly describe each level.
The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules. The cellular level consists of cells which are the smallest form of life. The tissue level consists of groups of cells that work to provide a single function. The organ level consists of organs, constructed from different types of tissue that can provide several different specific functions. The organ systems consist of one or more organs that are interlinked in general functions. The organism is made up of all the organ systems, which work to provide homeostasis.
Discuss the three functional classifications of exocrine glands secretions
The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product.
Describe the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol.
The cytoplasm is all the cellular material (organelles and fluid) between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, while the cytosol is only the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
List the eleven organ systems of the human body.
The eleven organ systems of the human body include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, urinary, respiratory, immune and lymphatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive systems.
List and briefly describe the six basic life processes.
The six basic life processes include: 1) Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body. 2) Responsiveness is the body's ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli. 3) Movement includes motions that range from movements within individual cells to movement of the entire body. 4) Growth means an increase in body size or an increase in the number of cells. 5) Differentiation is the process that converts a cell from unspecialized to specialized. 6) Reproduction refers to formation of new cells for growth and repair or production of a new individual.
Briefly explain the difference between transcription and translation.
Transcription is making mRNA from DNA and it occurs in the nucleus, while translation is making a protein from the information in mRNA and happens in the cytosol of the cell.
The primary structure of a protein consists of a) alpha helices. b) beta-pleated sheets. c) three dimensional folded conformation. d) a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. e) the overall folded conformation of the protein's subunits.
a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Which of the following is a proton donor? a) acid b) base c) salt d) organic compound e) colloid
acid
A solution with a pH value less than 7 is a) basic. b) neutral. c) acidic. d) alkaline. e) concentrated.
acidic.
Which of the following is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair? a) adhesions b) articulations c) cysts d) granulomas e) osteophytes
adhesions
Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane? a) concentration gradient of the chemical across the membrane b) mass of the diffusing chemical c) distance that the chemical has to diffuse d) amount of ATP available e) temperature
amount of ATP available
During this phase of cell division, the centromeres split leading to separation and subsequent migration of the two members of a chromatid pair to opposite poles of the cells. The cleavage furrow also begins to develop during this phase. a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase d) anaphase e) telophase
anaphase
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the front of the elbow? a) olecranal b) antecubital c) carpal d) digital e) antebrachial
antecubital
Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is _____ to the heart. a) posterior b) anterior c) inferior d) superior e) lateral
anterior
Which of the following can lower the amount of free radicals in the body? a) x-rays b) ultraviolet radiation c) oxygen d) carbon tetrachloride e) antioxidants
antioxidants
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in receptor-mediated endocytosis shown in the figure? a) binding > degradation in lysosomes > vesicle formation > uncoating > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > fusion with endosome b) degradation in lysosomes > fusion with endosome > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > uncoating > vesicle formation > binding c) degradation in lysosomes > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > fusion with endosome > uncoating > vesicle formation > binding d) binding > vesicle formation > uncoating > fusion with endosome > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > degradation in lysosomes e) binding > uncoating > vesicle formation > fusion with endosome > degradation in lysosomes > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane
binding > vesicle formation > uncoating > fusion with endosome > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > degradation in lysosomes
Which of the following organs contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure? a) skin b) arteries c) brain d) heart e) pituitary gland
brain
In which of the following types of membranes would you expect to find goblet cells? a) mucous membrane b) serous membrane c) cutaneous membrane d) synovial membrane e) plasma membrane
mucous membrane
Which of the following describes a body process that is controlled using a positive feedback loop? a) increasing body temperature in response to a drop in body temperature b) decreasing body temperature in response to elevated body temperature c) decreasing blood [glucose] in response to elevated blood [glucose] d) increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch e) decreasing heart rate in response to elevated blood pressure
increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the groin? a) pelvic b) umbilical c) sternal d) otic e) inguinal
inguinal
During this phase of cell division, organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins. a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase d) anaphase e) telophase
interphase
Which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues and directly affects the proper functioning of cells? a) lymph b) blood plasma c) interstitial fluid d) intracellular fluid e) vitreous body
interstitial fluid
If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside the cell, water will move by osmosis a) into the cell. b) out of the cell. c) into and out of the cell at the same rate resulting in no net water movement. d) All of these answer choices are correct. e) None of these answers are correct.
into the cell.
Which of the following describes the major significance of the element chlorine in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid c) forms backbone of all organic molecules d) required for bone and tooth structure e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid
ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid
Most intravenous solutions are _____ with respect to blood cells? a) tonicity b) isotonic c) hypertonic d) osmotic e) hypotonic
isotonic
The nucleus of unstable _____ of an element will decay leading to emission of radiation. a) compounds b) cations c) anions d) isotopes e) molecules
isotopes
This type of membrane protein anchors cells to neighboring cells and to protein filaments found outside or inside the cell. a) transporters b) receptors c) ligands d) ion channels e) linkers
linkers
Which of the following is the major function of DNA? a) catalyzes metabolic reactions b) storage of energy c) transfer information for protein synthesis d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis e) transport of electrolytes
long-term storage of information for protein synthesis
Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles can engulf a worn-out organelle, digest its chemical components, and recycle those digested components? a) peroxisomes b) mitochondria c) proteasome d) ribosomes e) lysosomes
lysosomes
Which of the following is a general term used to refer to the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body? a) anabolism b) catabolism c) metabolism d) catalysis e) homeostasis
metabolism
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of a negative feedback system? a) regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods b) important in maintaining homeostasis c) involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine systems d) stimulates changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus e) usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off
usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off
A chemical reaction involves interactions between the _____ of two different atoms. a) neutrons b) protons c) isotopes d) valence electrons e) ions
valence electrons
What is the name of the serous membrane in closest proximity to the lungs? a) parietal pleura b) visceral pleura c) parietal pericardium d) visceral pericardium e) mediastinum
visceral pleura
What is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body? a) water b) oxygen gas c) carbon dioxide d) glucose e) DNA
water
In the body fluid compartments found in the human body, the solvent is a) glucose. b) lipids. c) carbon dioxide. d) water. e) electrolyte.
water.
