BIO 168 Mid Term Practice
A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is...
albinism
In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands...
face anteriorly
An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the...
hair bulb
The outer surface of the hair is called the...
cuticle
The building blocks of nucleic acids are ___________ which consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
nucleotides
The "control center" of the cell is the
nucleus
Organs are cut along the __________ section when cut at angles other than right angles to their long axis.
oblique
In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Lipids form a protective ____________ around our internal organs to prevent damage.
padding
Which of the following is most inferior in location? 1. mediasinum 2. diaphragm 3. pelvic cavity 4. pleural cavity 5. pericardial cavity
pelvic cavity
The covalent bonds between amino acids are called ___________.
peptide
Macrophages are cells specialized for...
phagocytosis
Not an Organelle
-glucose -a free-floating enzyme -DNA -nucleolus -receptor protein
Membrane Bound Organelles
-nucleus -vesicle -endoplasmic reticulum -lysosome -mitochondrion -golgi apparatus
Nonmembrane Bound Organelle
-ribosome -centriole -proteosome
Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. What is hyaluronic acid?
A good lubricant for joint cavities.
Move specific molecules across the membrane; require ATP
ATP-powered pump
Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell? 1. Osmosis 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Active Transport 4. Filtration 5. Simple diffusion
Active Transport
What do eccrine sweat glands do?
Aid in cooling the body
Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis? 1. As blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart decreases. 2. As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body. 3. Decreases in blood pressure cause a corresponding decrease in heart rate. 4. When a person drinks large quantities of water, urine output decreases to raise blood volume. 5. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to decline.
As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body.
Anchor cells to other cells or extracellular membrane
Attachment proteins
System with heart, blood vessels, blood
Cardiovascular
Move ions or molecules across the membranes
Carrier proteins
Form passageways through the plasma membrane
Channel proteins
What is a disk-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?
Desmosomes
Changes an organism undergoes through time
Development
System with mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Digestive
Embryonic germ layer in skin
Ectoderm
Embryonic germ layer in the nervous system
Ectoderm
System with glands that secrete hormones
Endocrine
What type of gland excretes products by secretion into the blood?
Endocrine
Embryonic germ layer that lines the digestive tract
Endoderm
Which of the following pairs are mismatched? 1. neural crest cells - peripheral nervous system, skin pigment, tissues of the face 2. ectoderm - skin 3. mesoderm - muscle 4. neuroectoderm - nervous system 5. endoderm - bone
Endoderm - bone
Catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside cells
Enzymes
Which tissue type forms glands?
Epithelial
T/F: Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and tight junctions anchor cells to one another.
False
T/F: Epithelial tissue can be avascular, have poor vascularity, or very vascular based upon location.
False
T/F: Epithelial tissue has abundant extracellular matrix and very few cells.
False
T/F: Epithelial tissue is the most abundant primary tissue type.
False
T/F: Gap junctions are small specialized contact regions between cells containing protein channels that allow ions and large molecules to pass from one cell to another.
False
Unsaturated fatty acids have as much hydrogen as they can carry.
False
System with ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands
Female reproductive
What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?
Gap Junction
What event occurs last in the process of tissue repair?
Granulation tissue develops
Increase in the overall number of cells
Growth
What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?
Hemidesmosomes
Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?
Histology
What is the microscopic study of tissues?
Histology
Where are phospholipids found?
In the cell membrane
System with skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Integumentary
System with lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
Lymphatic
Where is reticular tissue found?
Lymphatic tissue
System with testes, associated ducts, penis
Male reproductive
Allow cells to identify other cells other molecules
Marker molecules
What plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
Median (Midsagittal)
Embryonic germ layer in blood vessels
Mesoderm
Embryonic germ layer in bones
Mesoderm
Embryonic germ layer in muscle
Mesoderm
All of the chemical reactions that taking place within an organism
Metabolism
What is the dermis responsible for?
Most of the skin's structural strenght
Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.
Move by osmosis from solution B to solution
Membrane that lines cavities that open to the outside
Mucous membranes
System with muscles, tendons
Muscular
System with brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Nervous
Are goblet cells found in connective tissue?
No
Are myocytes found in connective tissue?
No
Is "integumentary" a primary tissue type in the body?
No
Is "skeletal" a primary tissue type in the body?
No
Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four?
Organ system
The interrelationship among parts of an organism that interact to perform a function
Organization
Lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
Outer serous membrane layer; lines walls of cavities
Parietal serous membranes
______________ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be _______________.
Phospholipids; amphiphilic
Between the visceral and parietal pleura; contains fluid
Pleural cavity
Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water? 1. proteoglycan 2. reticular fibers 3. elastin 4. collagen 5. hyaluronic acid
Proteoglycan
Binding sites for chemical signals in the extracellular fluid
Receptor proteins
Formation of new cells of new organisms
Reproduction
System with lungs and respiratory passages
Respiratory
The ability to sense changes and adjust to those changes
Responsiveness
Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?
Reticular layer of dermis
Membrane that lines cavities that do not open to the outside
Serous membranes
System with bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Skeletal
This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.
Stratum Corneum
Thin skin has only 4 epithelial strata. It lacks which layer?
Stratum Lucidum
Membrane that lines cavities surround synovial joints
Synovial membranes
What are keratinocytes responsible for?
The reduction of water loss from the skin
What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances?
Tissue
Which is an example of active transport? 1. transport of glucose down its concentration gradient 2. facilitated diffusion of K+ 3.transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient 4. transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration 5. diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
T/F: An adhesion belt of glycoproteins is found just below a tight junction and acts as weak glue that holds cells together.
True
T/F: Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms glands.
True
T/F: Epithelial tissue is avascular and receives its nutrients by diffusion.
True
T/F: Epithelial tissue is mostly composed of cells and has little extracellular matrix.
True
T/F: Hemidesmosomes are similar to one-half of a desmosome and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
True
T/F: In epithelial tissue, most cells are bound together and have apical, lateral and basal surfaces.
True
T/F: The epidermis contains no blood vessels.
True
System with kidneys, urinary bladder
Urinary
Covers the outside of the heart
Visceral pericardium
Surrounds the lungs
Visceral pleura
Surround an organ; provide a smooth surface
Visceral serous membranes
Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false? 1. Vitamin D is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth. 2. Vitamin D is important for calcium homeostasis. 3. Vitamin D is necessary for the uptake of calcium from the intestine. 4. Vitamin D begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light. 5. Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.
Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.
Are adipocytes found in connective tissue?
Yes
Are macrophages found in connective tissue?
Yes
Are mast cells found in connective tissue?
Yes
Are osteocytes found in connective tissue?
Yes
Are white blood cells found in connective tissue?
Yes
Is "connective" a primary tissue type in the body?
Yes
Is "epithelial" a primary tissue type in the body?
Yes
Is "muscular" a primary tissue type in the body?
Yes
Is "nervous" a primary tissue type in the body?
Yes
Enzymes are specific to substrates because of the shape of their
active sites
The primary structure of a protein is also known as the _____________.
amino acid
The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is
anaphase
In directional terms: "The kneecap is considered to be on the _____________ side of the lower limb, while the heel is on the ___________ side."
anterior; posterior
A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when
blood calcium levels decrease
By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain...
body temperature homeostasis
In general, ________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
carbohydrates
A cell uses centrioles in the process of
cell division
Which of the following would be classified as a lipid? 1. sucrose - a disaccharide 2. cholesterol - a steroid 3. catalase - an enzyme 4. alanine - an amino acid 5. starch - a polysaccharide
cholesterol - a steroid
Which of the following is mismatched? 1. ribose ---- RNA 2. cholesterol ---- nucleic acid 3. triglyceride ---- fat 4. enzyme ---- protein 5. eicosanoid ---- prostaglandin
cholesterol --- nucleic acid
Cephalic means
closer to the head
Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study? 1. viewing muscle tissue through a microscope 2. observing the structure of the interior of the heart 3. determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students 4. studying a model of the kidney 5. examining the surface of a bone
determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the
diaphragm
The tertiary structure results in the shape of a ___________.
domain
The bonded nucleotides coil to form a __________.
double-stranded helix
A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called...
elastin
Which of the following organelles may or may not have ribosomes attached? 1. nucleolus 2. flagellum 3. peroixsomes 4. endoplasmic reticulum 5. golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
If glucose levels are low, lipids provide an alternative storage of __________.
energy
Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a moles is cancerous? 1. asymmetry 2. color 3. freckles 4. border 5. diameter
freckes
Structures that function in intercellular communication are...
gap junctions
If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's ________ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.
golgi apparatus
Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?
gross anatomy
The secondary structure of proteins is a result of ____________.
hydrogen
If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution
is hypotonic to the cell
The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is...
jaundice
Which of the following is a disaccharide? 1. amylose 2. galactose 3.glucose 4. fructose 5. lactose
lactose
The thumb is __________ to the fifth digit (little finger).
lateral
Sectioning an organ along it's long axis creates a ______________ section.
longitudial
Chromosomes begin migrating towards poles of the cell during
metaphase
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the...
muscle
The skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail is the...
nail fold
A type of lipid with a phosphate group is called a ______________ and is a major component of the plasma cell membrane. The nonpolar lipid end is said to be _____________ (water fearing) and the polar phosphate is said to be ____________ (water loving).
phosholipid; hydrophobic; hydrophilic
The tertiary structure is a result of the ___________ portions of the proteins remaining relatively unfolded, increasing their contact with the environment.
polar
Nucleic acids are _________ of __________.
polymers; nucleotides
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
protein synthesis
Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers in connective tissues all contain...
proteins
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue contains...
proteoglycans
In directional terms: "Your kneecap is __________ & ___________ to your heel"
proximal; superior
Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of
responsiveness
This type of transport uses the energy provided by the movement of other molecules down their concentration gradient.
secondary active transport
Saturated fats have many __________ covalent bonds and many ___________ atoms; polyunsaturated fats have many ___________ covalent bonds and have fewer ____________.
single; hydrogen; double; hydrogen
Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?
skeletal
Proteins can serve all of the following functions except: 1. regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells. 2. produce muscular and other forms of movement. 3. store hereditary information. 4. give structural strength to cells and tissues. 5. catalyze metabolic reactions.
store hereditary information
Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ & is made up of the monomer(s) _____________.
sucrose; glucose and fructose
An increase in body temperature causes...
sweating
The parietal pericardium is
the membrane that lines the pericardial sac
Epithelial tissue is characterized by...
tightly packed cells
An organ cut at right angles to its longitudinal axis has been cut by a ___________ section.
transverse
Osmosis is the diffusion of ________ across a selectively permeable membrane.
water