BIO 168 Mid Term Practice

A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is...

albinism

In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands...

face anteriorly

An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the...

hair bulb

The outer surface of the hair is called the...

cuticle

The building blocks of nucleic acids are ___________ which consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

nucleotides

The "control center" of the cell is the

nucleus

Organs are cut along the __________ section when cut at angles other than right angles to their long axis.

oblique

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Lipids form a protective ____________ around our internal organs to prevent damage.

padding

Which of the following is most inferior in location? 1. mediasinum 2. diaphragm 3. pelvic cavity 4. pleural cavity 5. pericardial cavity

pelvic cavity

The covalent bonds between amino acids are called ___________.

peptide

Macrophages are cells specialized for...

phagocytosis

Not an Organelle

-glucose -a free-floating enzyme -DNA -nucleolus -receptor protein

Membrane Bound Organelles

-nucleus -vesicle -endoplasmic reticulum -lysosome -mitochondrion -golgi apparatus

Nonmembrane Bound Organelle

-ribosome -centriole -proteosome

Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. What is hyaluronic acid?

A good lubricant for joint cavities.

Move specific molecules across the membrane; require ATP

ATP-powered pump

Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell? 1. Osmosis 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Active Transport 4. Filtration 5. Simple diffusion

Active Transport

What do eccrine sweat glands do?

Aid in cooling the body

Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis? 1. As blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart decreases. 2. As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body. 3. Decreases in blood pressure cause a corresponding decrease in heart rate. 4. When a person drinks large quantities of water, urine output decreases to raise blood volume. 5. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to decline.

As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body.

Anchor cells to other cells or extracellular membrane

Attachment proteins

System with heart, blood vessels, blood

Cardiovascular

Move ions or molecules across the membranes

Carrier proteins

Form passageways through the plasma membrane

Channel proteins

What is a disk-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?

Desmosomes

Changes an organism undergoes through time

Development

System with mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines

Digestive

Embryonic germ layer in skin

Ectoderm

Embryonic germ layer in the nervous system

Ectoderm

System with glands that secrete hormones

Endocrine

What type of gland excretes products by secretion into the blood?

Endocrine

Embryonic germ layer that lines the digestive tract

Endoderm

Which of the following pairs are mismatched? 1. neural crest cells - peripheral nervous system, skin pigment, tissues of the face 2. ectoderm - skin 3. mesoderm - muscle 4. neuroectoderm - nervous system 5. endoderm - bone

Endoderm - bone

Catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside cells

Enzymes

Which tissue type forms glands?

Epithelial

T/F: Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and tight junctions anchor cells to one another.

False

T/F: Epithelial tissue can be avascular, have poor vascularity, or very vascular based upon location.

False

T/F: Epithelial tissue has abundant extracellular matrix and very few cells.

False

T/F: Epithelial tissue is the most abundant primary tissue type.

False

T/F: Gap junctions are small specialized contact regions between cells containing protein channels that allow ions and large molecules to pass from one cell to another.

False

Unsaturated fatty acids have as much hydrogen as they can carry.

False

System with ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands

Female reproductive

What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?

Gap Junction

What event occurs last in the process of tissue repair?

Granulation tissue develops

Increase in the overall number of cells

Growth

What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?

Hemidesmosomes

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?

Histology

What is the microscopic study of tissues?

Histology

Where are phospholipids found?

In the cell membrane

System with skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Integumentary

System with lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

Lymphatic

Where is reticular tissue found?

Lymphatic tissue

System with testes, associated ducts, penis

Male reproductive

Allow cells to identify other cells other molecules

Marker molecules

What plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

Median (Midsagittal)

Embryonic germ layer in blood vessels

Mesoderm

Embryonic germ layer in bones

Mesoderm

Embryonic germ layer in muscle

Mesoderm

All of the chemical reactions that taking place within an organism

Metabolism

What is the dermis responsible for?

Most of the skin's structural strenght

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.

Move by osmosis from solution B to solution

Membrane that lines cavities that open to the outside

Mucous membranes

System with muscles, tendons

Muscular

System with brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

Nervous

Are goblet cells found in connective tissue?

No

Are myocytes found in connective tissue?

No

Is "integumentary" a primary tissue type in the body?

No

Is "skeletal" a primary tissue type in the body?

No

Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four?

Organ system

The interrelationship among parts of an organism that interact to perform a function

Organization

Lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal Peritoneum

Outer serous membrane layer; lines walls of cavities

Parietal serous membranes

______________ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be _______________.

Phospholipids; amphiphilic

Between the visceral and parietal pleura; contains fluid

Pleural cavity

Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water? 1. proteoglycan 2. reticular fibers 3. elastin 4. collagen 5. hyaluronic acid

Proteoglycan

Binding sites for chemical signals in the extracellular fluid

Receptor proteins

Formation of new cells of new organisms

Reproduction

System with lungs and respiratory passages

Respiratory

The ability to sense changes and adjust to those changes

Responsiveness

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

Reticular layer of dermis

Membrane that lines cavities that do not open to the outside

Serous membranes

System with bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

Skeletal

This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.

Stratum Corneum

Thin skin has only 4 epithelial strata. It lacks which layer?

Stratum Lucidum

Membrane that lines cavities surround synovial joints

Synovial membranes

What are keratinocytes responsible for?

The reduction of water loss from the skin

What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances?

Tissue

Which is an example of active transport? 1. transport of glucose down its concentration gradient 2. facilitated diffusion of K+ 3.transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient 4. transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration 5. diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration

Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

T/F: An adhesion belt of glycoproteins is found just below a tight junction and acts as weak glue that holds cells together.

True

T/F: Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms glands.

True

T/F: Epithelial tissue is avascular and receives its nutrients by diffusion.

True

T/F: Epithelial tissue is mostly composed of cells and has little extracellular matrix.

True

T/F: Hemidesmosomes are similar to one-half of a desmosome and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

True

T/F: In epithelial tissue, most cells are bound together and have apical, lateral and basal surfaces.

True

T/F: The epidermis contains no blood vessels.

True

System with kidneys, urinary bladder

Urinary

Covers the outside of the heart

Visceral pericardium

Surrounds the lungs

Visceral pleura

Surround an organ; provide a smooth surface

Visceral serous membranes

Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false? 1. Vitamin D is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth. 2. Vitamin D is important for calcium homeostasis. 3. Vitamin D is necessary for the uptake of calcium from the intestine. 4. Vitamin D begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light. 5. Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.

Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.

Are adipocytes found in connective tissue?

Yes

Are macrophages found in connective tissue?

Yes

Are mast cells found in connective tissue?

Yes

Are osteocytes found in connective tissue?

Yes

Are white blood cells found in connective tissue?

Yes

Is "connective" a primary tissue type in the body?

Yes

Is "epithelial" a primary tissue type in the body?

Yes

Is "muscular" a primary tissue type in the body?

Yes

Is "nervous" a primary tissue type in the body?

Yes

Enzymes are specific to substrates because of the shape of their

active sites

The primary structure of a protein is also known as the _____________.

amino acid

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is

anaphase

In directional terms: "The kneecap is considered to be on the _____________ side of the lower limb, while the heel is on the ___________ side."

anterior; posterior

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease

By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain...

body temperature homeostasis

In general, ________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

carbohydrates

A cell uses centrioles in the process of

cell division

Which of the following would be classified as a lipid? 1. sucrose - a disaccharide 2. cholesterol - a steroid 3. catalase - an enzyme 4. alanine - an amino acid 5. starch - a polysaccharide

cholesterol - a steroid

Which of the following is mismatched? 1. ribose ---- RNA 2. cholesterol ---- nucleic acid 3. triglyceride ---- fat 4. enzyme ---- protein 5. eicosanoid ---- prostaglandin

cholesterol --- nucleic acid

Cephalic means

closer to the head

Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study? 1. viewing muscle tissue through a microscope 2. observing the structure of the interior of the heart 3. determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students 4. studying a model of the kidney 5. examining the surface of a bone

determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

diaphragm

The tertiary structure results in the shape of a ___________.

domain

The bonded nucleotides coil to form a __________.

double-stranded helix

A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called...

elastin

Which of the following organelles may or may not have ribosomes attached? 1. nucleolus 2. flagellum 3. peroixsomes 4. endoplasmic reticulum 5. golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum

If glucose levels are low, lipids provide an alternative storage of __________.

energy

Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a moles is cancerous? 1. asymmetry 2. color 3. freckles 4. border 5. diameter

freckes

Structures that function in intercellular communication are...

gap junctions

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's ________ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.

golgi apparatus

Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?

gross anatomy

The secondary structure of proteins is a result of ____________.

hydrogen

If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution

is hypotonic to the cell

The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is...

jaundice

Which of the following is a disaccharide? 1. amylose 2. galactose 3.glucose 4. fructose 5. lactose

lactose

The thumb is __________ to the fifth digit (little finger).

lateral

Sectioning an organ along it's long axis creates a ______________ section.

longitudial

Chromosomes begin migrating towards poles of the cell during

metaphase

A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the...

muscle

The skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail is the...

nail fold

A type of lipid with a phosphate group is called a ______________ and is a major component of the plasma cell membrane. The nonpolar lipid end is said to be _____________ (water fearing) and the polar phosphate is said to be ____________ (water loving).

phosholipid; hydrophobic; hydrophilic

The tertiary structure is a result of the ___________ portions of the proteins remaining relatively unfolded, increasing their contact with the environment.

polar

Nucleic acids are _________ of __________.

polymers; nucleotides

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

protein synthesis

Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers in connective tissues all contain...

proteins

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue contains...

proteoglycans

In directional terms: "Your kneecap is __________ & ___________ to your heel"

proximal; superior

Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of

responsiveness

This type of transport uses the energy provided by the movement of other molecules down their concentration gradient.

secondary active transport

Saturated fats have many __________ covalent bonds and many ___________ atoms; polyunsaturated fats have many ___________ covalent bonds and have fewer ____________.

single; hydrogen; double; hydrogen

Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?

skeletal

Proteins can serve all of the following functions except: 1. regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells. 2. produce muscular and other forms of movement. 3. store hereditary information. 4. give structural strength to cells and tissues. 5. catalyze metabolic reactions.

store hereditary information

Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ & is made up of the monomer(s) _____________.

sucrose; glucose and fructose

An increase in body temperature causes...

sweating

The parietal pericardium is

the membrane that lines the pericardial sac

Epithelial tissue is characterized by...

tightly packed cells

An organ cut at right angles to its longitudinal axis has been cut by a ___________ section.

transverse

Osmosis is the diffusion of ________ across a selectively permeable membrane.

water