sociology exam 2

Which category is NOT included in sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations? a. normative b. coercive c. utilitarian d. bureaucratic

bureaucratic

With regard to gender socialization, among African American families,

children often have "othermothers" who play an important role in their socialization

people do not voluntarily become members of _________ organizations

coercive

the socialization process

continues throughout the life course

The first step in an involuntary resocialization process is known as __________, in which individuals are stripped of their former selves through practices such as being denied privacy and being assigned institutional clothing

degradation ceremony

The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on

division of labor

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called

dramaturgical analysis

In which type of group is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group?

dyad

rational, reality-oriented component that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure seeking

ego

T/F: institutional change is easy to achieve

false

T/F: when a child experiences extreme neglect during their early years, it is easy to catch up on social development and language later in life

false

the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies

family

in psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the ____________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. they can think about the future and evaluate different option or courses of action

formal operational

most students behave different in the classroom that they do in their own room or with friends. for most students, the classroom would be considered:

front stage

from a ____________ perspective, schools are responsible for teaching students to be productive members of society

functionalist

which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?

functionalist perspective

Ferdinand Toinnies used the term _________ to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are used on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability

gemeinschaft

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability

gemeinschaft

expectations regarding the proper behaviors, attitudes, and activities of males and females

gender roles

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of

goal displacement

a domestic abuse counselor fails to listen to an injured woman because the woman has no valid proof of U.S. citizenship. this is an example of

goal displacement

a homeless man appears at the door of shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. he is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of:

goal displacement

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise is termed

groupthink

According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, __________ results in minority children being punished disproportionately in schools

hidden curriculum

a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is call a(n):

hunting-and-gathering society

basic biological drives and needs immediate gratification

id

any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n)

in-group

social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as:

informal social control

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity

ingroup

The tendency for a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few is termed

iron law of oligarchy

according to sigmund freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. which of the following is not one of the states? a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido

libido

according to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

looking-glass self

when Malcolm X's eighth grade teacher ignored Malcolm's academic and social successes ad dismissed his desired career goal of lawyer and instead suggested he become a carpenter, the teacher was viewing Malcolm's race as a(n):

master status

the relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over:

nature vs. nurture

the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority

obedience

the bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed ________

oligarchy

What sets peer groups apart from families and schools as agents of socialization?

peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority

a society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n):

postindustrial society

Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of

primary groups

our family and close friends are examples of

primary groups

Which statement about racial socialization is false? a. racial attitudes must be taught intentionally using direct messages b. ethnic values and attitudes begin to solidify within children as early as age 4 c. the most important aspects of racial identity are learned within one's family d. racial socialization involves modeling behavior wherein a child imitates the behavior of a parent or other caregiver

racial attitudes must be taught intentionally using direct messages

the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience. it may be voluntary or involuntary

re-socialization

Carol's mom asks her to come over for dinner, but Carol has 3 chapters to read for tomorrow's test. Carol is experiencing:

role conflict

A situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity is known as

role exit

the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as:

role strain

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view

role-taking

schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups

secondary

Some symbolic interactionist theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

social construction of reality

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

social institution

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, i

social interaction

the discovery of feral children is important because they show the relevance of:

social interaction in human development

a set of expectations for people who occupy a social position or status:

social roles

a teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. as part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. this is an example of

socialization

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

status

wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it", and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. these are examples of ____________

status symbols

Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. which is his achieved status? a. male b. African American c. brother d. student

student

according to Freud, "it's wrong to steal" is an expression of the ____________

superego

conscience, moral, & ethical aspects of personality

superego

which of the following is an example of a formal organization? a. the people in a new york city subway car b. a community college basketball team c. the General Motors Corporation d. all of these answers are correct

the General Motors Corporation

which of the following is an example of a social institution? a. a children's playgroup b. the U.S. Government c. the members of a stamp collection society d. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus

the U.S. Government

which definition describes the term emotional labor? a. appropriate emotions for a give role or situation b. the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public, instead of true feelings c. strategies used to rescue our performance when we experience a potential loss of face d. the transfer of information between people without the use of words

the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public, instead of true feelings

T/F: people are more likely to feel empathy towards members of their in-group, but not toward members of their out-group, even when groups are assigned arbitrarily

true

T/F: there are different patterns of socialization that are correlated with families of different social classes

true

Which is not an essential element of social structure? a. institutions b. values c. groups and organizations d. statuses and roles

values

according to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it ___________

was based on only male respondents

as a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interested in the question:

what holds societies together?

Sociologist __________ coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people's feelings toward members of their own and other groups

william graham sumner

Which definition describes the term emotional labor? a. Appropriate emotions for a given role or situation b. The display of only certain carefully selected emotions towards the public, instead of true feelings c. Strategies used to rescue our performance when we experience a potential loss of face d. The transfer of information between people without the use of words

The display of only certain carefully selected emotions towards the public, instead of true feelings

a component of a formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency:

a bureaucracy

an inmate enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by number. this is an example of:

a degradation ceremony

Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes

a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches

which of the following is considered a "total institution"? a. a mental hospital b. a high school c. a girl scout group d. the new york yankees

a mental hospital

a college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. these detectives could be considered:

a reference group

which of these is not an example of a rite of passage? a. a weekly religious service b. an annual dinner honoring all retiring employees c. quinceanera d. a wedding

a weekly religious service

what term do sociologist use to refer to an earned social status?

achieved status

Why is socialization so important for human beings?

achieving full human potential requires interaction with others

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society are known as

agents of socialization

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common

aggregate

A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of

anticipatory socialization

The functionalist perspective primarily maintains that families

are essential for the procreation and socialization of children

children who biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world ________________

as a safe and comfortable place

a social status one is born with:

ascribed status