BIO 176: Exam 2 - Deciduous forests
Temperate deciduous forest can be found in many states and provinces, including which of the following? (select all that apply) Texas Florida Minnesota Ontario Maine
All
Deciduous: Oaks (Quercus)
Central
Deciduous: Tulip Popular (Liriodendron)
Central
Deciduous: Hemlock (Tsuga)
North
Deciduous: White Pine (Strobus)
North
Deciduous: Beech (Fagus)
North-Central
Deciduous: Hard Maples (Acer, sugar maple, black maple)
Northeast
Deciduous: Yellow Pines (Pinus, hard pines)
South
Deciduous: Basswood (Liriodendron, American Linden)
South Central, Northwest
Deciduous: Hickory (Carya)
Southwest
Which trees are characteristic of forests in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky? (select all that apply) Paper birch Sugar maple Red oak American beech Longleaf pine
Sugar maple Red oak American beech
The timing of leaf drop in temperate deciduous forest is controlled mostly by day length low day time temperatures temperature precipitation low night time temperatures
day length
The eastern deciduous forest is bounded in west by: grassland boreal forest tundra montane confierous forest
grassland
Tree leaves that develop the shaded understory are _________________ compared to tree leaves that grow up high in the canopy. thinner and more broad (wide) thinner, and smaller thicker and more broad thicker and smaller about the same
thinner and more broad (wide)
Human impact on deciduous forests: Europeans in Eastern North America
• 1700-1900, Selective Logging (pines, then hardwoods) • 1850-1900, All wood cut for fuel • 1700-1950, Agriculture • 1900-Present, Population size (76-281 million)
Human impact on deciduous forests: Native Americans in Eastern North America
• 30 000 ybp - Eurasians into northwest North America • > 12 000 ypb - Arrival into eastern North America • Increased fire frequency • Agriculture
Deciduous forest vegetation characteristics
• Five layers • Moderately diverse • Phenology • Variety of associations
Overall characteristics of deciduous forests
• Five layers • Moderately diverse • Phenology • Variety of associations
Additional human impact on deciduous forests
• Logging, regrowth • Disease (chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease) • Insect pests (Gypsy moth) • Exotic plant species (honeysuckle, purple loosestrife, kudzu) • Air pollution (acid rain, nitrogen saturation)
Coexistance among central deciduous trees appears due to:
• Low light versus high light growth • Low light versus high light survival • Dispersal ability • Shade cast
Deciduous forest vegetation associations
• Northern mixed DF • Central DF • Southern mixed DF
How to assess what deer do to deciduous forests
• Sample similar (replicate) communities, where deer have access and where they don't • Measure the amount of herbivory • Identify species composition • Measure diversity
Deciduous forest adaptions
• Winter-deciduous • Evergreens • Spring ephemerals