BiO 183 Final Exam
Does glycolysis require oxygen
No (anaerobic)
True or False: The average weight of an Asian elephant is approximately 60 times larger than the average human weight. Hence, you would expect the average elephant cell to be approximately 60 times larger than the average human cell
False
What is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA
-It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA -It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body
Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from low to high?
G R B W
For most cells, the longest phase of the cell cycle is
G1 Phase
The interphase of the cell cycle comprises of which phases
G1, S, and G2
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as
Gap Junctions
A Gram positive bacterium would
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by
Lysosomes
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by
Mitochondria
What is true about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis
-It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH -It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants
What best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells
-It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen -It leads to the production of lactic acid -It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
What are not some not a reasons for mitotic cell division
-Pollen production in flowers -Bacterial proliferation
The plasma membrane is best described as
A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
structure that would least likely be found in a bacterium
A lysosome
In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called
A reducing agent
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of
ATP synthase
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not and active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which o ingredients would NOT be a requirement
Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
Which macromolecule(s) would you expect to contributes to the production of nitrogen-containing wastes
Nucleic Acids, Proteins
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a modified
Nucleotide
Which molecules most closely resembles ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Nucleotide
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be
The same as a healthy cell
True or False: The P53 protein has the ability to slow, or even temporary halt the cell cycle
True
True or False: An Rb protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would automatically lead to an increase in cell proliferation
True
True or False: DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, what characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes
Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
In mitosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during
Anaphase
The plant hormones that stimulate cellular proliferation and mediate phototropism
Auxins
What factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)
Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme
The functional group above is called a
Carboxyl
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a beetle
Chitin
True or False: A human karyotype is composed of 45 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome
False
True or False: A nucleosome is composed of 5 loops of DNA wrapped around 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)
False
True or False: Bacterial cells divide by mitosis
False
True or False: Based on the difference in organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a potato
False
True or False: Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle
False
True or False: G protein-coupled receptors are generally found floating around in the cytoplasm of a cell
False
True or False: In GPCRs, an activated G protein phosphorylates a GDP to convert it into a GTP
False
True or False: An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
False
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately
(Fold=times) 18-fold
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between
-5 and -100 millivolts
What is true about ATP
-ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell -The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions -The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction -The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria
What reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value
-Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction -Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction
According to an analysis by the North American Mycological Association, " Improper food handling or preparation, rather than misidentification, has been implicated in almost all cases where illness from wild mushrooms was traced to commercial establishments such as restaurants." From the point of view of an individual who is attempting to think critically and scientifically, the statement above should contain at least which of the following?
-The time (date) when this statement was made. T-he medium in which this statement was made (oral presentation? written publication?) -The name of the author of this statement -The details of the context in which this statement was made (if the statement was made orally, where was it made? - If the statement was made in writing, where was it written (journal? Magazine? volume number?))
What is true about tumors?
-Tumors can sometimes be fought by immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy -Tumors that do not metastasize are called benign tumors -Tumors typically release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels -Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases
How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain
0
Based on the image, lemon juice is approximately
10,000 times as acidic as urine
n a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose
2
In order to oxidize NADPH into NADP+, NADPH has to lose
2 electrons and 1 proton
In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of
2 electrons, 1 proton
The cell cycle has how many checkpoints
3
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form
4
At the end of the G2 phase, a tetraploid cell with an n=5 has how many sister chromatids
40
proteins that hold sister chromatids at the level of the centromeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle
Cohesins
Types of bonds found within a water molecule
Covalent
The process through which albumin (egg white) changes changes conformation (as well as other physical, chemical, and functional properties) during cooking is called
Denaturation
This word may simply be used to designate the specific region of a protein; recognizable subunit of a protein that performs a specific function
Domain
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of
Facilitated diffusion
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be
Higher than in a healthy cell
Bonds that link 2 strands of DNA together
Hydrogen
Types of bonds found between water molecules
Hydrogen
Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as
Hydrolysis
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that
Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
What structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it
Integrin proteins
How many chromosomes would a diploid organism with a n=6 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle
It would have 12 linear chromosomes
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a tennis ball
Less
2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
Based on your knowledge of macromolecules and the information provided in this question, you would categorize vitamin D2 (hydrophobic molecule required to facilitate the absorption of calcium in your digestive system) as a
Lipid
As you eat a hamburger (bean or meat patty + lettuce + tomato + mayonnaise + bread), which of the following macromolecule(s) are you ingesting?
Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbs
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
Growth factors are typically what signals
Paracrine signals
Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from
Photosystem 2
What factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
Linear sequence of amino acids ("beads on a string")
Primary structure
Assembly of 2 or more subunits into a functional protein
Quaternary structure
Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
DNA Polymerase is mostly expressed/active during which cell cycle
S phase
Hydrogen bonding within the polypetide sequence, leading to the formation of either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet
Secondary structure
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors
Signal amplification and speed
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as
Substrate-level phosphorylation
3-dimensional assembly of a single polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure
True or False: A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that becomes constitutively active could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor
True
True or False: Cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis are likely to take place simultaneously in thylakoid membranes
True
True or False: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
True
The electrons that enter the electron transport chain in thylakoid membranes come from
Water
Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be
acidic
The proteinaceous structures that assist in the proper folding of proteins inside of cells are called
chaperone
Example of a monosaccharide
fructose
What is lactose composed of
galactose and glucose
Geometric isomers (or stereoisomers) are
isomers where the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different
During mitosis, the protein complexes that anchor replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus are
kinetochore
Water has it's highest density at what state
liquid
The type of bonds that link nucleotides within a single strand of DNA (in the sugar-phosphate backbone)
phosphodiester
The gene that encodes for this Ras protein may be classified as a
proto-oncogene
The p53 gene that encodes for the P53 protein is classified as a
tumor suppressor
