BiO 183 Final Exam

Does glycolysis require oxygen

No (anaerobic)

True or False: The average weight of an Asian elephant is approximately 60 times larger than the average human weight. Hence, you would expect the average elephant cell to be approximately 60 times larger than the average human cell

False

What is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA

-It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA -It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body

Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from low to high?

G R B W

For most cells, the longest phase of the cell cycle is

G1 Phase

The interphase of the cell cycle comprises of which phases

G1, S, and G2

The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as

Gap Junctions

A Gram positive bacterium would

Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by

Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by

Lysosomes

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by

Mitochondria

What is true about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis

-It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH -It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants

What best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells

-It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen -It leads to the production of lactic acid -It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+

What are not some not a reasons for mitotic cell division

-Pollen production in flowers -Bacterial proliferation

The plasma membrane is best described as

A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

structure that would least likely be found in a bacterium

A lysosome

In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called

A reducing agent

The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of

ATP synthase

The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is

Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not and active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which o ingredients would NOT be a requirement

Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required

Which macromolecule(s) would you expect to contributes to the production of nitrogen-containing wastes

Nucleic Acids, Proteins

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a modified

Nucleotide

Which molecules most closely resembles ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Nucleotide

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be

The same as a healthy cell

True or False: The P53 protein has the ability to slow, or even temporary halt the cell cycle

True

True or False: An Rb protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would automatically lead to an increase in cell proliferation

True

True or False: DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component

True

The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, what characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes

Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum

In mitosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during

Anaphase

The plant hormones that stimulate cellular proliferation and mediate phototropism

Auxins

What factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)

Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme

The functional group above is called a

Carboxyl

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a beetle

Chitin

True or False: A human karyotype is composed of 45 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome

False

True or False: A nucleosome is composed of 5 loops of DNA wrapped around 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)

False

True or False: Bacterial cells divide by mitosis

False

True or False: Based on the difference in organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a potato

False

True or False: Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle

False

True or False: G protein-coupled receptors are generally found floating around in the cytoplasm of a cell

False

True or False: In GPCRs, an activated G protein phosphorylates a GDP to convert it into a GTP

False

True or False: An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion

False

In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately

(Fold=times) 18-fold

The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between

-5 and -100 millivolts

What is true about ATP

-ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell -The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions -The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction -The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria

What reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value

-Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction -Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction

According to an analysis by the North American Mycological Association, " Improper food handling or preparation, rather than misidentification, has been implicated in almost all cases where illness from wild mushrooms was traced to commercial establishments such as restaurants." From the point of view of an individual who is attempting to think critically and scientifically, the statement above should contain at least which of the following?

-The time (date) when this statement was made. T-he medium in which this statement was made (oral presentation? written publication?) -The name of the author of this statement -The details of the context in which this statement was made (if the statement was made orally, where was it made? - If the statement was made in writing, where was it written (journal? Magazine? volume number?))

What is true about tumors?

-Tumors can sometimes be fought by immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy -Tumors that do not metastasize are called benign tumors -Tumors typically release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels -Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases

How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain

0

Based on the image, lemon juice is approximately

10,000 times as acidic as urine

n a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose

2

In order to oxidize NADPH into NADP+, NADPH has to lose

2 electrons and 1 proton

In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of

2 electrons, 1 proton

The cell cycle has how many checkpoints

3

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form

4

At the end of the G2 phase, a tetraploid cell with an n=5 has how many sister chromatids

40

proteins that hold sister chromatids at the level of the centromeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle

Cohesins

Types of bonds found within a water molecule

Covalent

The process through which albumin (egg white) changes changes conformation (as well as other physical, chemical, and functional properties) during cooking is called

Denaturation

This word may simply be used to designate the specific region of a protein; recognizable subunit of a protein that performs a specific function

Domain

During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of

Facilitated diffusion

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be

Higher than in a healthy cell

Bonds that link 2 strands of DNA together

Hydrogen

Types of bonds found between water molecules

Hydrogen

Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as

Hydrolysis

Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that

Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase

What structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it

Integrin proteins

How many chromosomes would a diploid organism with a n=6 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle

It would have 12 linear chromosomes

Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a tennis ball

Less

2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts

Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

Based on your knowledge of macromolecules and the information provided in this question, you would categorize vitamin D2 (hydrophobic molecule required to facilitate the absorption of calcium in your digestive system) as a

Lipid

As you eat a hamburger (bean or meat patty + lettuce + tomato + mayonnaise + bread), which of the following macromolecule(s) are you ingesting?

Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Carbs

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

Growth factors are typically what signals

Paracrine signals

Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from

Photosystem 2

What factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature

Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains

Linear sequence of amino acids ("beads on a string")

Primary structure

Assembly of 2 or more subunits into a functional protein

Quaternary structure

Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)

DNA Polymerase is mostly expressed/active during which cell cycle

S phase

Hydrogen bonding within the polypetide sequence, leading to the formation of either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet

Secondary structure

The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors

Signal amplification and speed

The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as

Substrate-level phosphorylation

3-dimensional assembly of a single polypeptide chain

Tertiary structure

True or False: A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that becomes constitutively active could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor

True

True or False: Cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis are likely to take place simultaneously in thylakoid membranes

True

True or False: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

True

The electrons that enter the electron transport chain in thylakoid membranes come from

Water

Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be

acidic

The proteinaceous structures that assist in the proper folding of proteins inside of cells are called

chaperone

Example of a monosaccharide

fructose

What is lactose composed of

galactose and glucose

Geometric isomers (or stereoisomers) are

isomers where the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different

During mitosis, the protein complexes that anchor replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus are

kinetochore

Water has it's highest density at what state

liquid

The type of bonds that link nucleotides within a single strand of DNA (in the sugar-phosphate backbone)

phosphodiester

The gene that encodes for this Ras protein may be classified as a

proto-oncogene

The p53 gene that encodes for the P53 protein is classified as a

tumor suppressor