Bio 183 Review

Which of the following roles is not commonly performed by proteins?

Formation of cytoskeletal fibers

Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide? a. sucrose b. lactose c. fructose d. cellulose

Fructose

Which of the following statements is true about functional groups?

Function groups are found in amino acids Functional groups exhibit similar properties in all molecules in which they are found

What statement is true about functional groups?

Functional groups are found only in carbohydrates

Which of the following roles is NOT commonly performed by proteins?

Linking of nucleotides between the 2 strands of the DNA double helix

The cytoskeleton is composed of which of the following (in order from small to large size):

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?

mitochondria

All of the following plasma membrane activities required energy from ATP hydrolysis, except

osmosis

Which statement about ATP is correct?

- ATP serves as a main energy source inside a cell - The reaction of ATP --> ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions - The reaction of ATP --> ADP + P is an exergonic reaction

The average intracellular voltage of most cells in the human body varies between which 2 values?

-5 to -100 millivolts

The main function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane is to

Anchoring of cells to the extracellular matrix

(be able to draw protein transport through endomembrane system and write what happens at each part)

1) nucleous sends mRNA to the RER where the proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes on the RER and are then translocated to the internal compartment of the ER 2) vesicles containing proteins buds from the rough endoplasmic reticulum diffuses through the cell, and fuses to the CIS face of the Golgi apparatus 3) The proteins are modified and packaged into vesicles for transport

All proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. There are _______ standard amino acids found in eukaryotes

20

How many known amino acids are there?

20

Which of the following best describes the basic structure of a nucleotide?

3 phosphate groups, a nitrogenous base, and a 6 carbon sugar

The flagella of eukaryotes are composed of microtubules, whereas the flagella of bacteria are made of ____________________.

9+2 arrangement microtubules

The plasma membrane is best described as:

A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Which of the following best describes the movement of small polar ions such as Na^+, Cl^-, K^+ and Ca2^+ across a simple cell membrane made exclusively of phospholipids? A. The membrane is totally impermeable to those ions B. The membrane allows the movement of NA^+ and K^+, but not other ions C. The membrane is totally permeable to small polar ions D. The membrane allows the movement of small polar ions only if both sides of the membrane are isotonic E. The membrane is permeable to small polar ions only if they are dissolved in water

A. The membrane is totally impermeable to those ions

Mitochondria

ATP production

The main difference between active and passive transport is

Active transport requires energy when passive transport doesn't

The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is

Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not & Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

The sum of intracellular reactions involved specifically in the breaking down of macromolecules is called

Anabolism

In the lungs, oxygen moves freely across the cell membrane of alveoli, down its concentration gradient, and without the requirement of any carrier protein or any input of external energy. This is an example of A. Primary Active transport B. Osmosis C. Passive diffusion D. Facilitated diffusion E. Phagocytosis

C. Passive diffusion

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved primarily in which of the following?

Calcium storage and detoxification

Protein structures that help other proteins fold properly are called ________________.

Chaperones

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust?

Chitin

Which of the following factors does NOT affect membrane fluidity? A. The length of fatty acyl chains B. The presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains C. Presence of cholesterol D. Presence of glycoproteins E. Temperature changes

D. Presence of glycoproteins

What is/are the main differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded. RNA uses Uracil instead of thymine

Some bacteria have the to temporarily develop a thick wall around their genome and a small portion of the cytoplasm, making them highly resistant to environmental stress. These temporary structures are called ________________.

Endospores

Polysaccharides are mainly used for

Energy Storage and Structural Support

Which of the following factors have the ability to denature an enzyme?

High Temperature and Wrong PH

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondria DNA

It is almost identical to your mothers mitochondrial DNA & It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane does which of the following?

It makes the membrane stiffer at room temperature

Proportionally to the animal's volume, the surface area of a mouse is ________ than that of a bear

LARGER

Which of the following is a dissacharide?

Lactose

The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?

Lysosomes

When placed in water, phospholipids tend to spontaneously arrange themselves in spherical structures known as

Micelles

The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following? A. Microbodies (peroxisomes) B. Lysosomes C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus E. Both A and B are involved in macromolecule and organelle degradation

Microbodies (peroxisomes) and Lysosomes

The cytoskeleton is composed of which of the following (in order from large to small)

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments)

In Eukaryotic cells, ATP is mainly produced in which of the following?

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

The cell below was just placed in a container filled with water and some dissolved CO2. Over time, some molecules are going to cross the cell membrane while others might not be able to. On the following cartoon, draw arrows to represent the net movement of the various molecules involved in this system.

Na+ would go OUT of the cell through the Na+ channel. Cl- would go OUT of the cell CO2 would move IN to the cell H2O would move IN to the cell

Which of the following factors does not affect membrane fluidity?

Presence of cholesterol

The Golgi apparatus is primarily involved in

Protein processing, sorting, and secretion

The rough neoplastic reticulum is involved primarily in

Protein synthesis and sorting

Cytoskeleton

Provides strength and support for the cell

Nucleus

Site of DNA and mRNA synthesis

Proportionally to its volume, a bear has a surface area that is smaller or larger than a mouse.

Smaller

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesizes proteins lipids and steroids

Which of the following statements is false regarding DNA and RNA?

The 2 purines found in DNA are adenine and cytosine

On a hot spring day, you collect some skin cells from a black bear that you captured in southern Florida. Meanwhile, a fried of yours who is doing research in northern Alaska also collects skin cells from a polar bear. You and your friend decide to compare the cell membranes of the skin cells that you collected. With the help of a little cartoon/drawing, explain how you would expect the 2 cells to differ. Make sure you focus your attention mainly on phospholipids.

The black bear would have more saturated phospholipids with straighter, longer tails because these are more solid and have a higher melting/boiling point which is necessary for animals in warmer climates. The polar bear would have more unsaturated phospholipids with bent/kinky, shorter tails because these remain as a liquid at lower temperatures which gives mobility to cell membranes at lower temperatures. Acts as an "antifreeze".

Mitochondria contain DNA

True

Which of the following structures would least likely be found as part of a bacterium?

a lysosome and a golgi apparatus (neither A or C are found in prokaryotes)

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved primarily in which of the following?

calcium storage, detoxification, and steroid synthesis

Which of the following polysaccharides are likely to be used for structural purposes (instead of storage)?

chitin and cellulose (both B and D)

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by

converting substrates into products in their allosteric site

Which of the following cell connections allows the movement of small ions such as calcium from one cell to another?

gap junctions

Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of

glucose and fructose

Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as

hydrolysis

This cell was placed in an environment that is

hypotonic

Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right

i. Primary ~ linear sequence of amino acids ii. Secondary ~ hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex. alpha helix) iii. Tertiary ~ 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain iv. Quaternary ~ assembly of subunits into functional protein

Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?

integrins

Over time, you would expect the cell to

lyse

In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by

lysosomes

The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most like to take place in which of the following?

microbodies (peroxisomes) and lysosomes

In fishes, O2 and CO2 move freely across the cell membrane of gill cells, down their concentration gradients, without the requirement of any carrier protein or any input of external energy. This is an example of

passive diffusion

The process by which cells intake small solid particles (as opposed to liquid ones) is known as ______________________

phagocytosis

Chloroplasts

photosynthesis occurs

Which of the following structures would least likely be found as part of bacterium?

ribosomes