Bio 1B Evolution Example Questions
The group of primates that includes the monkeys, apes, and humans is known as the A. anthropoids B. australopithecines C. hominids D. hominoids E. humanoids
a
23. Anatomical structures that show similar function but dissimilar embryonic and evolutionary relationships are: A. homologous. B. primitive. C. analogous. D. monophyletic. E. paraphyletic.
c
The proper way(s) to indicate the coyote species is: A Canis B latrans C Canis latrans D B and C E None of the above.
c
20. Of the following, the one most different from all the others in terms of amino acid sequence in its hemoglobin α chain is the A. human. B. frog. C. pigeon. D. pig. E. rabbit.
b
The possession of fine fur in 5-month human embryos indicates A that the womb is cold at that point during pregnancy. B humans evolved from a hairy ancestor. C hair is a defining feature of mammals. D some parts of the embryo grow faster than others.
b
What sequence of events led to the "neo-Darwinian synthesis: A. Mendel's principles of inheritance and (ii) discovery of the structure of DNA B. Development of the concept of descent with modification through natural selection and (ii) Mendel's principles of inheritance. C. Discovery of the structure of DNA and (ii) sequencing of the human genome D. Mendel's principles of inheritance and (ii) sequencing of the human genome E. Development of the concept of descent with modification through natural selection and (ii) discovery of the structure of DNA
b
An adaptive radiation produces: A. sterile hybrids B. unfilled ecological niches C. a group of closely related but distinct evolutionary lineages D. unoccupied habitats E. a reduction in the rate of evolutionary change
c
Which of the following best defines a monophyletic group? A. A taxonomic group that contains the descendants of an ancestor, but not the ancestor itself. B. A taxonomic group that contains the ancestor and some of its descendants. C. A taxonomic group that contains the ancestor and all of its descendants. D. A taxonomic group characterized by numerous shared derived characters. E. A taxonomic group that contains the ancestor, but none of its descendants.
c
Which of the following elements of the writings of Malthus influenced Darwin? A. artificial selection B. differential reproductive success C. the potential for population growth exceeds what the environment can support D. species become better adapted to their local environments through natural selection E. favorable variations accumulate in a population after many generations of being perpetuated by natural selection
c
A population of brown bears has 10,000 individuals, of which 20 are albinos. The rest of the bears are brown. Assuming that the population has a 50:50 sex ratio (i.e., half the population is female, the other half male) and that there is no effect of sex on coat color, what is the phenotype frequency of brown females? (note: this question is for practice; you would not be expected to do such time-consuming arithmetic in an exam situation). A 0.01 B 0.02 C 0.04 D 0.499 E 0.998
d
If one individual in 1,000,000 has a genetic disease caused by a recessive Mendelian allele, roughly what fraction of individuals in a randomly mating population are heterozygous carriers of this disease allele? A 2/1,000,000. B 2/100,000. C 2/10,000. D 2/1,000. E 2/200
d
If the frequencies of the three genotypes in a population, AA, Aa, and aa are 0.5, 0.2, and 0.3 (in order), the frequency of the A allele is: A 0.3 B 0.4. C 0.5. D 0.6. E 0.7
d
In the marsupial mouse (Antechinus), multiply mated females tend to have a higher proportion of surviving offspring that those that mate just once. This illustrates: A. Sperm competition and indirect benefits of female choice. B. The principle of natural selection. C. Reduced fecundity (# ova) in females that mate just once. D. Limitations on fertilization success. E. Good luck.
a
The hominin lineage A. Includes modern humans and our descendants after the split with the chimpanzee lineage, and diversified rapidly in Africa between 2 and 4 million years ago B. Includes modern humans and our descendants after the split with the chimpanzee lineage, and diversified rapidly in Africa about 100,000 years ago C. Includes humans, chimpanzees and gorillas and their descendents from a common ancestor D. Is paraphyletic in relation to chimpanzees and gorillas E. Excludes modern humans
a
When single-stranded DNA from a human is mixed with single-stranded DNA from a chimpanzee, we find that about 99% of the DNA is homologous. This can be taken as evidence that A. humans and chimpanzees originated in similar environments. B. humans evolved from chimpanzees. C. chimpanzees evolved from humans. D. humans and chimpanzees are closely related. E. all organisms have similar DNA
d
Which of the following is an example of an evolutionary adaptation? A. a change in frequency of a neutral allele by genetic drift. B. constancy in the rate of accumulation of genetic changes in a molecule over time. C. the loss of an allele in a population due to a population bottleneck. D. fixation in a population of a selectively advantageous allele. E. none of the above is an example of an evolutionary adaptation.
d
______________________2 "Descent with modification" as illustrated in the "Origin of the species" refers to: A. A phylogeny estimated using morphological characters in the fossil record. B. Speciation without extinction. C. Effects of directional selection within a single lineage. D. Diversification of phenotypically distinct forms via natural selection and from a common ancestor. E. Effects of environmental variation during development on adult phenotype
d
68. . Because of difference in peak breeding time, 5 species of frogs rarely produce interspecific hybrids. The isolating mechanism is A. behavioral B. ecological C. geographical D. mechanical E. temporal
e
Darwin's thinking about evolution was influenced by things that he observed on his voyage around the world in the HMS Beagle, including all of the following except A. fossil beds in South America. B. giant land tortoises on the Galapagos. C. birds known as finches on the Galapagos. D. lands with similar climates, e.g., Australia and Chile, have very different animals and plants. E. all of the above are correct
e
The gene pool of a population (i.e., allele frequencies in a population) may change due to A. migration. B. a bottleneck. C. genetic drift. D. disruptive selection. E. all of the above are correct.
e
What assumption did you make to answer question 1? A random mating. B diploid genome. C no gene flow. D infinitely large population. E all of the above.
e
Which clade (monophyletic group), or clades, do the birds belong to? clade 1: animals with backbones (vertebrates). clade 2: animals with an amniotic egg (amniotes). clade 3: animals with four bony limbs (tetrapods). A. 1. B. 3. C. 1 & 2. D. 1 & 3. E. 1, 2 & 3.
e
___________3. One example of coevolution is that between A. birds and bees. B. flowering plants and insects. C. dinosaurs and mammals. D. humans and other primates. E. worms and fishes.
b
Antagonistic co-evolution: A. Applies when kin-selection does not favor altruistic behaviors B. Occurs if one species affects the evolution of another, but not vice-versa C. Can result in increased fitness as a phenotype involved in species interactions becomes rare D. Is the direct result of conflict among males for access to females E. Is responsible for melanism of mice living on dark lava flows
c
Directional selection differs from stabilizing selection in that: A. Directional selection operates only in small populations whereas stabilizing selection is effective in both small and large populations B. Directional selection favors intermediate over extreme phenotypes, whereas stabilizing selection favors one end of the phenotype distribution C. Directional selection favors one end of the phenotype distribution, whereas stabilizing selection favors intermediate over extreme phenotypes D. Directional selection requires new mutations whereas stabilizing selection operates on existing variation E. Directional selection operates on existing variation, whereas stabilizing selection operates on existing variation.
c
Suppose a species of grasshopper normally breeds in June and lays its eggs on the young shoots of an annual grass that comes up in June. A mutant female grasshopper in the population produces a batch of eggs that carry a new allele that delays sexual development until August. Her offspring feed on the young shoots of another grass, in the very same habitat, that comes up in August. Her offspring mate successfully with one another producing a new generation of August-mating grasshoppers. The August-mating subpopulation of grasshoppers is a good candidate for: A. allopatric speciation B. stabilizing selection C. sympatric speciation D. directional selection E. disruptive speciation
c
Which of the following best describes the unique importance of the fossil record: A. It provides the only source of information on relationships among living taxa B. It provides the only source of information on divergence times of living taxa C. It provides the only source of information on phenotypes of extinct taxa D. It provides the only source of information on evolutionary trends over time E. It provides the only source of information on population sizes over time
c
A formerly large, random-mating population switches to a high rate of inbreeding. As a consequence: A. The frequency of disadvantageous, recessive alleles will increase. B. Migration rates will decrease. C. Genetic drift will be stronger. D. Recessive, deleterious traits are more evident in the population. E. Dominant traits will be selected against
d
Relative to asexual (eg. "parthenogenetic" or "apomictic") reproduction, sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity within populations by: A. Increasing mutation rate. B. Promoting sexual selection. C. Increasing mutation rate and recombination. D. Independent assortment and recombination. E. Sexual selection and recombination.
d
The diversity of species concepts arises because: A. Botanists favor the Biological species concept (BSC) whereas Zoologists are focused on the Phylogenetic species concept (PSC); B. Prezygotic isolation (BSC) evolves before the evolution of distinct character states (PSC) C. Distinct character states (PSC) evolve before prezygotic isolation (BSC) D. Of inherent difficulty in unambiguously recognizing distinct evolutionary lineages during early stages of divergence E. Evolutionary biologists are clueless
d
As seen in the Ensatina salamanders, secondary contact between previously isolated lineages can result in a stable hybrid zone. This reflects: A. Complete speciation. B. Reinforcement. C. Hybrid speciation. D. Fusion of previously separated lineages. E. A balance between immigration from parental populations and selection against hybrids.
e
The theory of natural selection postulates that: A in each generation, individuals well adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and tend to produce more progeny than less well adapted individuals. B individual deaths occur completely at random, with no relationship to an individual's trait. C the survival and reproductive success of an individual depends only on its genes. D individuals acquire traits that adapt them to their new environment, which causes those traits to spread in the population. E C and D
A
In the Origin of Species, what was the point of Darwin's discussion of the rudimentary legs of some snakes? A There must be some purpose they serve. B They indicate descent from a species with fully developed legs. C They must have evolved because of sexual selection. D They would not be present in a domesticated species of snake. E They are not a problem for his theory because some species of snakes do not have rudimentary legs.
B
All living and extinct members of an order of birds called Passeriformes (the perching birds) have a distinctive palate, wing, and foot structure, and these are not found in any other bird species. The presence of these structures in all Passeriformes and no other birds means the structures are _______, and that the order Passeriformes is a _______ group. A. synapomorphies, monophyletic. B. symplesiomorphies, monophyletic. C. synapomorphies, paraphyletic. D. symplesiomorphies, paraphyletic. E. none of the above is correct.
a
Assuming that milk production has only arisen once, then its presence in all monotreme, marsupial and placental mammals, and no other groups, is an example of: A. a synapomorphy. B. convergent evolution. C. analogous structures. D. a plesiomorphy. E. none of the above is correct.
a
Compared with other factors that can alter allele frequencies, mutation rates A. are low, but mutations are the source of genetic variability. B. are so low that they make no difference in nature. C. are so low that they cannot be detected in most populations. D. are less important than genetic drift, but more important than migration. E. are the most significant factor in microevolution.
a
If one gene with two codominant alleles (denoted A and B) controls flower color in pansies, and AA individuals have red flowers, AB individuals pink flowers, and BB individuals white flowers, then in matings of pink with pink individuals, on average how many of the offspring will have red, pink, and white flowers, assuming Mendelian segregation: A. 25%, 50%, 25% B. 0%, 100%, 0% C. 33.3%, 33.3%, 33.3% D. none of the above is correct E. insufficient information is given to calculate this quantity
a
In the early 1800's, peppered moths living in England rested on tree trunks that were covered with whitish lichens. The moths were also whitish in color and so matched the color of the background on which they rested. This made the moths less visible to the birds that preyed on them. In the late 1840's, an increasing number of very dark moths began to appear in moth populations near cities where pollution had killed most of the lichens, leaving the tree trunks sooty and black. Over the past 100 years, the frequency of dark moths has increased to as much as 98% in populations near polluted cities. What type of selection has operated on moths in the polluted areas since 1840? A. directional selection B. stabilizing selection C. disruptive selection D. sexual selection E. artificial selection
a
Microevolution can be thought of as: A. changes in the frequencies of alleles in a gene pool. B. genes mutating in response to environmental change. C. creating new species where none existed before. D. reacting to changes in the environment. E. selecting the best environment in which to live.
a
Suppose you determine the genotypes of 1,000 adults at the locus that codes for β-globin. In which of the following datasets is there evidence for selection in favor of the heterozygous individuals? A AA: 200, Aa: 600, aa: 200. B AA: 640, Aa: 320, aa: 40. C AA: 600, Aa: 300, aa: 100. D AA: 1,000, Aa: 0, aa: 0. E None of the above
a
Which statement best describes the neo-Darwinian synthesis? A Evolution is measured as changes in allele frequencies within a population. B Evolution is caused by Mendelian inheritance. C Evolution occurs because some individuals are heterozygous at some loci. D Evolution occurs because some individuals are homozygous at some loci. E Evolution of characters affected by Mendelian alleles cannot occur.
a
18. At the DNA level every eukaryotic genome contains nonfunctional pseudogenes: silent, nontranscribed sequences that retain some similarity to the functional genes from which they were derived. Pseudogenes can be considered to be _______ genes. A. molecular clock B. vestigial C. exaptation D. analogous E. none of the above is correct.
b
22. If a trait called segmentation arose before arthropods and annelids (worms) branched from each other, its presence in both groups is due to A. convergence B. homology C. analogy D. divergence E. none of the above is correct
b
66. An example of Müllerian mimicry would be A. a butterfly that resembles a leaf B. two species of poisonous frogs that resemble one another in coloration C. a minnow with spots that look like large eyes D. a palatable species of butterfly that resembles an unpalatable one E. a carnivorous fish with a worm-like tongue that lures prey
b
An example of a macroevolutionary event is: A. the changing frequency of light to dark moths when the Industrial revolution increased smoke in the environment. B. the mass extinction of dinosaurs. C. an isolated population of fruit flies grows really large. D. a great reduction in population size of salmon due to over fishing. E. none of the above is an example of a macroevolutionary event.
b
Evidence of a unitary origin of life comes from: A. analogous traits. B. homologous traits. C. examples of sexual selection. D. examples of convergent evolution. E. none of the above give evidence of a unitary origin of life.
b
Gaps in the fossil record A demonstrate our inability to date geological sediments. B are expected since the probability that any organism will fossilize is extremely low. C have not been filled in as new fossils have been discovered. D weaken the theory of evolution
b
In a class of 100 students, 6 earned an A on the final. What was the frequency of students who did NOT earn an A on the final? A 0.06 B 0.94 C 0.95 D 1.0
b
In a large randomly breeding population of lizards, 75% of the individuals at birth have white stripes; 25% do not have white stripes. If this is a genetic trait governed by a single pair of alleles with the allele for white stripes dominant, assuming Hardy Weinberg proportions, the frequency of the allele for no white stripes is A. 0.25 B. 0.50 C. 0.75 D. 1.00 E. There is no way to estimate.
b
Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these reproductive isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting sea urchins? A behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation B gametic isolation or temporal isolation C habitat isolation D either A or C. E either A or B.
b
Several species of amphibians are able to "read" each other's mating rituals and understand them, tend to be fertile at the same time, and are usually similar in size. However, when they attempt to mate, they never produce offspring. Which of the following barriers is most likely the cause of this? A behavioral isolation B gametic isolation C reduced hybrid fertility D hybrid breakdown E mechanical isolation
b
Suppose you ran an experiment in which you placed 500 fence lizards of a wide range of colors in a sealed barn with a dark-colored floor. Before releasing each lizard, you scored its color by measuring its reflectance, R. Light-colored lizards have a higher value of R. At the start of the experiment, the lizard population had a mean reflectance of 3.0. After the lizards had set up territories, you released Barn Owls into the barn for a week. Immediately after you removed the Barn Owls, you captured all the surviving lizards. The mean reflectance of the population was 1.0. What process(es) did the lizard population experience during the week the Barn Owls were in the barn? A gene flow. B directional selection. C balancing selection. D all of the above. E none of the above.
b
The frequency of a rare recessive trait in a population is 1/10,000. What is the frequency of heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele, assuming Hardy Weinberg proportions? A. 1% B. approximately 2% C. 10% D. approximately 98% E. none of the above is correct
b
The high frequency of an allele causing Huntington's disease in San Luis, Venezuela, is the result of _______. A a bottleneck B a founder event C directional selection D gene flow
b
The modern form of uniformitarianism is an important assumption in historical sciences because without the uniformitarian assumption, scientists cannot A infer what occurred in the past. B infer what processes caused observed patterns. C infer if past events occurred gradually or abruptly. D predict what will occur in the future. E None of the above
b
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions, yet are still recognizable as forelimbs. Which is the current explanation for this observation? A Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. B Whales, humans and bats share an ancestor that had forelimbs. C Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. D Whales are not properly classified as mammals. E None of the above.
b
There is a population of 1000 snapdragons with 200 white-flowered individuals, 300 pink-flowered individuals, and 500 red-flowered individuals. What is the frequency of the white-flowered phenotype? A 0.02 B 0.2 C 0.1 D 1.0 E None of the above
b
When differentiating between two species of fish, you notice that one species stay near the surface and feed on floating algae, while the other species are bottom feeders. This is using the ___________ species concept. A morphological B ecological C phylogenetic D biological E hierarchical
b
Which list is correct in order of appearance in the fossil record. A. amphibians, fish, mammals, reptiles B. fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals C. fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles D. amphibians, reptiles, birds, dinosaurs E. none of the above is correct
b
Which of the following pairs is incorrectly associated. A. Silurian Period - invasion of land B. Cambrian Period - oldest known stromatolites C. Pleistocene Epoch - ice ages D. Cretaceous Period - extinction of dinosaurs E. Cenozoic Era - adaptive radiation of mammals
b
Which statement provides the best definition of a monophyletic group? A A group of species in the same genus. B A group containing an ancestral species and all of its descendants. C A group containing an ancestral species and some of its descendants. D A group containing an ancestral species and none of its descendants. E A group containing descendants of two ancestral species that do not share a recent common ancestor
b
46. If a gene is described as polymorphic, how many alleles does it have? A. one. B. more than three. C. two or more. D. two. E. none of the above.
c
64. A true story: A female hummingbird normally lays exactly two eggs each time she nests. Occasionally, a nest with three eggs is found, but the usual result is the loss of all three nestlings because the nest, built for two, breaks apart as they grow larger. Of course females that lay only one egg, which also occurs from time to time, raise only one young. Assuming egg number is inherited as a quantitative trait, this pattern is an example of: A. directional selection B. disruptive selection C. stabilizing selection D. kin selection E. none of the above is correct
c
A major evolutionary episode that corresponded most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the A. origin of humans B. Cambrian explosion C. Permian extinctions D. Pleistocene ice ages E. Cretaceous extinctions
c
A population of Amerindians living in Brazil was surveyed and 10 individuals were found with type M blood (genotype = MM), 180 had type MN blood (genotype = MN), and 810 had type N blood (genotype = NN). What is the frequency of the M allele in this population? A. 0.01 B. 0.09 C. 0.10 D. 0.20 E. insufficient information is given to calculate.
c
After reading Malthus' treatise, Darwin and Wallace both hit upon the idea that individuals struggle for existence because Malthus warned that human population growth A would lead to tax hikes to support charity. B would lead to misery and vice. C would outstrip food production. D would drive other species extinct. E None of the above.
c
An epidemic killed a large proportion of a population of deer in California thereby reducing the gene pool. This is an example of A. directional selection. B. genetic isolation. C. the bottleneck effect. D. the founder principle. E. all of the above are correct
c
Assume that coat color in mice is determined by a single gene with two co-dominant alleles and that the gray phenotype is produced by the heterozygote. In a population with 10% white mice and 10% black mice, what is the frequency of the white allele? A 0.1 B 0.15 C 0.5 D 0.85 E none of the above
c
In a gorilla population in Zaire we consider a single gene locus with two alleles G and g, with G dominant to g. If the frequency of the genotype gg is 0.01, then, assuming HardyWeinberg proportions, the frequency of the genotype Gg is A. 0.02 B. 0.09 C. 0.18 D. 0.36 E. None of the above is correct
c
In the ABO blood group system, allele A is dominant to O, allele B is dominant to O, while alleles A and B are codominant. Assuming Hardy Weinberg proportions, what is the frequency of blood type A if the allele frequencies are 50% for A, 20% for B and 30% for O. A. 40% B. 50% C. 55% D. 45% E. none of the above is correct
c
Jellyfish first appeared in the fossil record in the A. Paleozoicn B. Mesozoic C. Precambrian D. Cambrian E. Cenozoic
c
Millions of Greater Prairie Chickens once lived on the Illinois prairies, but by 1993 fewer than 50 birds remained in that state. These birds had very low rates of egg hatching success because their populations had experienced a _________. A gene flow B a founder event C a bottleneck D natural selection E none of the above
c
Natural selection can be most closely equated with A. assortative mating. B. genetic drift. C. differential reproductive success. D. bottlenecking of a population. E. gene flow.
c
The Pongidae is not a monophyletic family because A bonobos and chimps are in different genera. B there is more than one species of Pongidae. C humans are classified as being in a different family. D the divergence of different species in Pongidae was very recent. E some species of Pongidae are sexually dimorphic.
c
The idea that attributes acquired by an individual during its lifetime (for example, increased or decreased muscular strength due to more or less physical work) were passed on to the offspring is known as _________ and is attributed to _________. A. adaptation, Wallace. B. natural selection, Darwin. C. inheritance of acquired characteristics, Lamarck. D. genetics, Mendel. E. none of the above is correct
c
The tilapia fish, Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in Lake Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically distinct populations, located at the north and south ends of the island. How can scientists determine whether these populations are now different species, according to the biological species concept? A See whether the two populations are morphologically different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and so on. B Determine whether captured individuals from the two different populations will mate and produce offspring in a laboratory fish tank. C Determine whether individuals from one population will interbreed with individuals from the other population when introduced into each other's native habitats. D Any of the above is an equally good method. E Either B or C is an equally good method..
c
When fossils are found, the actual parts of the organisms are usually replaced by A. bones and shells B. gas bubbles C. minerals D. proteins E. water
c
Which evolutionary processes will maintain genetic variation within a population? A genetic drift. B directional selection. C balancing selection. D all of the above. E none of the above.
c
Which one of the following is not a mutation? A A change in a single nucleotide. B The loss of a chromosome. C A change in allele frequency. D The duplication of a gene. E The duplication of a chromosome
c
Which provides the best definition of a phylogenetic classification system? A Taxonomic groups are all polyphletic. B Taxonomic groups are all paraphyletic. C Taxonomic groups are all monophyletic. D Taxonomic groups are all homologous. E Members of taxonomic groups are all found in the same geographic area.
c
Which statement best describes the evolution of limbs in lizards (see fig 26.2)? A Limbs were lost once. B Limbs were lost many times. C Limbs were lost twice. D Lizards never lost limbs.
c
17___________________ Despite their disjunct distribution, the living families of ratite birds, namely the ostrich of Africa, rhea of South America, emu of Australia, cassowary of Australia and New Guinea, kiwi of New Zealand and the tinamon of tropical America, comprise all the living descendants of a lineage that diverged from a common ancestral stock that inhabited Gondwanaland before it split into the southern land masses. Including their common ancestor they thus form a/an _______. A. convergent group. B. analogous group. C. paraphyletic group. D. monophyletic group. E. none of the above is correct.
d
24. In a comparison of a hawk and an eagle (both are birds, i.e., class Aves) their wings (flight structures) are ________, and the bones in their wings (they are tetrapods) are _________. A. analagous, analagous. B. analagous, homologous. C. homologous, analagous. D. homologous, homologous. E. none of the above is correct.
d
31. The oldest known eukaryote fossils occur in the: A. Cambrian. A. Cenozoic. B. Paleozoic. C. Mesozoic. D. Precambrian. E. none of the above is correct
d
51. Which of the following populations is not in Hardy-Weinberg proportions? A. 25% AA, 50% AB, 25% BB B. 64% AA, 32% AB, 4% BB C. 81% AA, 18% AB, 1% BB D. 20% AA, 60% AB, 20% BB E. all of the above are in Hardy-Weinberg proportions.
d
Almost all frogs lack teeth in the lower jaw, but frogs are descended from ancestors that did have teeth. One genus of frogs, Amphiguathodon, has "re-evolved" teeth in the lower-jaw. Because the immediate ancestors of Amphiguathodon lacked teeth, while their more remote ancestors had teeth, the presence of teeth in the genus Amphiguathodon is a/an: A. pedomorphic trait. B. vestigial trait. C. homology. D. reversal. E. allometry
d
Artificial selection is different from natural selection because A artificial selection is not capable of producing large evolutionary changes. B evolutionary change via artificial selection does not require genetic variation. C natural selection cannot produce new species. D breeders and farmers choose which individuals reproduce based on desirability of traits.
d
Discovery of an allele from LL601 rice in other rice varieties illustrates ________ A natural selection B genetic drift C recombination. D gene flow. E mutation.
d
If two different species belong to the same family, then they also belong to the same _______. A. order B. class C. phylum D. all of the above are correct E. none of the above is correct
d
In a population, most copies of the recessive allele for a deleterious trait are found in individuals who are: A. afflicted with the disorder caused by the allele. B. polymorphic. C. homozygous for the allele. D. heterozygous for the allele. E. none of the above is correct.
d
In areas with a high incidence of malaria, the S allele of the β-globin gene is maintained at high frequency by _______ selection; in regions where malaria is not present, S will be eliminated by __________ selection. A adaptive/maladaptive. B directional/maladaptive. C adaptive/directional. D balancing/directional. E directional/balancing
d
The Scala Naturae describes which of the following? A A hierarchical classification system describing greater similarity between some paris of organisms than between other pairs. B Universal competition leading to survival of the fittest. C A scaly primitive feather-like structures of some dinosaurs. D A linear ordering of existence from inorganic to simple and then complex organisms. E None of the above.
d
The age of the earth generally accepted during Darwin's lifetime was incorrect. The earth is now estimated to be about A. 3.5 billion years old B. 2 billion years old C. 1 million years old D. 4.6 billion years old E. 20 billion years old
d
The bones in the front leg of a lizard and in the wing of a bat, which are evolutionarily derived from their common ancestor, are said to be A. analogous B. functionally similar C. sympatric D. homologous E. convergent
d
The century cactus flowers every 100 years. A similar cactus flowers every 33 years. If the 33-year cactus pollen has the correct characteristics to fertilize the century cactus, which reproductive barrier will most likely be working against that possibility? A behavioral isolation B gametic isolation C ecological/habitat isolation D temporal isolation E mechanical isolation
d
The first organisms to colonize the land were the A. amphibians B. annelid worms C. insects D. plants E. trilobites
d
What did phylogenetic analysis tell us about the evolution of HIV? A HIV switched hosts from simians to humans. B HIV switched from simians to humans more than once. C HIV evolves in individual hosts. D All of the above. E None of the above.
d
When two major plates of the earth's crust collide, all of the following are possible except A. changes in the shape of continents B. earthquakes C. mountain building D. sunspots E. volcanic eruptions
d
Which of the following is not a fact or inference of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? A. there is heritable variation among individuals. B. there is struggle for limited resources. C. individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will on average leave more offspring. D. offspring inherit characteristics acquired by their parents during the parents lifetime. E. all of the above are correct statements.
d
Which of the following is not an example of convergent evolution: A. the similar body forms of the marsupial mole and the placental mole. B. the wings of Archaeopteryx and a bat. C. the body forms of the porpoise and the shark. D. the structure of the chimpanzee eye and the human eye. E. all of the above are examples of convergent evolution
d
Which of the following observations helped Darwin and Wallace shape their concept of descent with modification? A Species diversity declines with distance from the equator B Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents. C Birds live on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance D Islands possess groups of species that look similar to each other and are not found anywhere else. E B and D
d
42. Which of the following is incorrect. A. all protists are eukaryotes. B. microevolution refers to changes in a gene pool over generations. C. Darwin was unaware of Mendel's laws of genetic inheritance at the time he wrote his book entitled Origin of Species, describing evolution by natural selection. D. the endosymbiotic theory states that present day eukaryote cells arose from a symbiotic consortium of prokaryote and early protoeukaryote cells. E. all of the above are correct statements.
e
An individual's phenotype A is determined entirely by it's genotype. B is determined entirely by it's environment. C is determined by how the environment affects the expression of the genotype. D comprises its observable physical, behavioral, and physiological traits. E C and D
e
Before the Cretaceous, the west coast of Africa was directly connected to A. Europe B. Eurasia C. the North coast of Australia D. Antarctica E. South America
e
Evolution is often described as "the theme that ties together all aspects of biology." This is because the process of evolution A. explains how organisms become adapted to their environment. B. explains the diversity of organisms. C. explains why all organisms have characteristics in common. D. explains why distantly related organisms sometimes resemble one another. E. all of the above are appropriate answers.
e
In what type of environment is a scientist most likely to find examples of ongoing speciation? A areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as mountains and deep valleys B areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of animals C physically extreme environments that are marginal for supporting life D areas that are already species-rich E areas that have undergone recent environmental disturbance or change.
e
Suppose you are studying the fitness of individuals with different genotypes at a coat-color locus in a population. The following are lists of the fractions of newborn individuals with each genotype that survive to adulthood. Which of the following datasets indicates that there is directional selection in favor of the B allele in this population? A BB: 0.9, Bb: 0.95, bb: 0.2 B BB: 0.9, Bb: 0.85, bb: 1.0 C BB: 0.9, Bb: 0.85, bb: 0.9 D BB: 0.9, Bb: 0.95, bb: 0.95 E BB: 0.9, Bb: 0.85, bb: 0.85
e
What do a mushroom, a tree, and a human have in common? A. They are all members of the same kingdom. B. They are all prokaryotic. C. They are all members of the same class. D. They are all members of the same phylum. E. They are all composed of cells with nuclei.
e
Which of the following is NOT a frequency? A 0.0001 B 0.003 C 0.98 D 1.0 E 1.2
e
Which of the following is not a fossil? A. coal. B. a burrow of an extinct animal. C. an impression of a skeleton of the dinosaur stegosaurus. D. a set of footprints. E. all of the above are fossils.
e
Which of the following is not an example of an evolutionary adaptation: A. the cryptic appearance of the moth Abrostola trigemina, which looks like a broken twig. B. the appearance of the leafy sea dragon (a sea horse) which looks so much like the kelp (seaweed) in which it lives that it lures prey into the seeming safety of the kelp forest and then eats them. C. the long, broad wings of the red-tailed hawk that allow it to sustain a gliding flight over open country while it searches for prey with its keen eyes. D. the rounded body shape of the sargassum crab which resembles the floats of the brown alga Sargassum in which it lives. E. all of the above are examples of adaptations.
e
Which of the following population samples is closest to the Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies? A AA: 600, Aa: 300, aa: 100. B AA: 500, Aa: 500, aa: 500. C AA: 700, Aa: 200, aa: 100. D AA: 340, Aa: 320, aa: 340. E AA: 640, Aa: 320, aa: 40.
e
Which of these factors always produces adaptive evolutionary change in a given environment? A. genetic drift. B. founder effect. C. mutation. D. non-random mating. E. none of the above is correct
e
You have a bag of beans in which 40% are blue and the rest are yellow. You add this bag to another bag of beans in which 10% are blue and the rest are yellow. What is the frequency of blue beans in the combined bag? A 0.01 B 0.025 C 0.04 D 0.75 E insufficient information
e