bio (1st quarter)

Coenzyme

the electron carrier of NADH

Osmosis

the movement of water across a cell membrane

ATP

transfers energy to cell processes

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms without a true nucleus .

true

Hypotonic

water moves into the cell

Hypertonic

water moves out of the cell

Qualitative

what you see

Which of the following are not components of a molecule of ATP?

Deoxyribose

Using your best grammar, discuss electronegativity and its relationship to polar and non-polar bonds. Write 3-5 sentences.

Electronegativity is the way to see if elements can attract/bond. The relationship it has to polar bonds has an uneven amount of elements, and the non-polar bonds have an even amount of elements.

Which of the following is not true about ATP?

Produced in the nucleus

What are the 3 steps to energy exchange from ADP to ATP?

The three steps are Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain.

Molecules of ___ produce more energy than both proteins and carbohydrates.

fats

Thylakoids

flattened disks

Spallazani

improved Needham experiment by boiling gravy, by proving sponteous generation to be false

A person graphing data would put what information on the X-axis?

independent variable

A/an _____ solution allows cells to be balanced with the same amount of water moving in and out of the cell.

isotonic

quantitive

numerical data

Our bodies need ___ to survive because it helps our bodies release chemical energy.

oxygen

Pasteur

put a final end to the debate. showing microbes in the air

What is an enzyme? Choose all that apply.

-A protein that catalyzes the reaction of specific substrates -A protein that decreases the activation energy needed for a particular reaction -A catalyst for biochemical reactions

The polar nature of water and the hydrogen bonds it can form contribute to what properties of water? Choose all that apply.

-Cohesion and adhesion -High surface tension -Expanding when frozen -The ability to moderate temperature -Excellent solvent

Which particles make up an atom? Check all that apply.

-Electrons -Protons -Neutrons

Carbohydrates are primarily composed of what elements? Choose all that apply.

-Hydrogen -Carbon -Oxygen

What are the molecular components of nucleotides?

-Phosphate group -Nitrogen containing base -5-Carbon sugar

Which of the following statements helps refute the endosymbiotic theory? (Select all that apply.)

-There are examples in nature of organisms that can reside within another organism without exchanging DNA. -A host cell would reject foreign DNA. -The DNA of eukaryotes and prokaryotes do not match.

A good experiment will have ______ independent variable(s).

1

Redi

1st to disprove spontaneous generation

How many different amino acids are there?

20

In your own words, describe what a buffer is and why it is important. Write 3-5 sentences using your best grammar.

A buffer is used to keep the pH of a solution constant and stable. Without the extensive care of manually regulating the pH, using a buffer is the only way to keep it stable. An example of why it is important is pool water. Pool water contains a buffer, which regulates the pH of the water, despite its dirtiness.

Polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

In your own words, define an atom, and describe how and what subatomic particles compose it. Use your best grammar to write 3-5 sentences on this topic.

An atom is a physically small but essential element in life. Atoms make up nearly everything, and we are even composed of atoms. The subatomic particles that compose it are the nucleus, electrons, and protons.

_________ energy is the amount of energy a reaction needs to start.

Activation

In DNA, thymine (T) pairs with what nucleotide?

Adenine (A)

What are the three components of the cell theory?

All organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Describe and discuss the amino acids. Include information on what they are, their structure, and how many there are. Using your best grammar, write 3-5 sentences.

Amino acids are compounds that have two functional groups, which are amino and carboxyl. Their structure consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. There are 20 amino acids that exist.

In your own words, describe what an enzyme is, its main function, its general structure, and how it accomplishes its task. Using your best grammar, write 3-6 sentences.

An enzyme is an essential element of life. Its primary function is to keep things balanced by breaking elements down. The structure consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. It accomplishes its task by helping break down elements; for example, humans' stomach acid contains enzymes that help us digest food.

Which domain contains unicellular bacteria that can survive in extreme conditions?

Archaea

What are some functions of proteins?

As hormones As signals and receptors As enzymes For structure As antibodies

List the levels of biological organization from simple to complex.

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere

How does an enzyme increase the rate of a biochemical reaction?

By decreasing the activation energy requirement

How are elements in the periodic table arranged?

By increasing atomic number

Lipids are primarily composed of what elements?

Carbon and hydrogen

In your own words, discuss the importance of enzymes within a living system and include what the function of an enzyme is. Using your best grammar, write 2-4 sentences.

Enzymes within a living system are essential because they make chemical reactions that support us. Enzymes are one of the many important elements in life. They can help us build muscle and get rid of toxins. Enzymes function is to be a helpful protein that fastens metabolism.

List the 6 kingdoms of living things.

Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What is fermentation?

Fermentation is the process of breaking apart glucose anaerobically into lactic acid or alcohol acid.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis -> Krebs Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain

Which of the following is not a molecule?

He

A phospholipid has a _________ head and ________ tail.

Hydrophilic; hydrophobic

What is the basic subunit for all carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U) are what?

Nitrogenous bases in nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are made up of what monomer?

Nucleotides

Describe how organisms use oxygen to survive. Respond in 2-3 complete sentences using your best grammar.

Organisms use oxygen to survive by using it for photosynthesis, which creates even more oxygen. Also, animals and human beings use oxygen to survive so they can breathe.

Which of the following is not a cell activity powered by energy produced through cellular respiration?

Passive transport

The majority of enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?

Proteins

The number of which subatomic particle identifies an atom as a particular element?

Proton

Which scientist coined the term cells?

Robert Hooke

Compare and contrast single-celled organisms to multicellular organisms. Please write 3 to 5 sentences using your best grammar.

Single-celled organisms are like prokaryotic cells because they are unicellular. Multicellular organisms are like eukaryotic cells because they are multicellular. Single-celled organisms do not have a nucleus, but multicellular organisms do.

The chloroplast is filled with a fluid called the ___.

Stroma

Carbohydrates can be found in what major forms? Choose all that apply.

Sugars Starch Fiber

List 3 of the organelles involved in the process of making proteins in a eukaryotic cell.

The 3 of the organelles involved in making proteins in a eukaryotic cell are the ribosomes, RNA, and nucleus.

The groove or pocket in an enzyme where the substrates bind is called what?

The active site

Describe the basic structure of a phospholipid and how this structure affects the arrangement of phospholipids in a membrane. Using your best grammar, write 3-5 sentences.

The basic structure of a phospholipid consists of having two tails that are hydrophobic and a head that is hydrophilic. The head and the tail are together in the phospholipid because of a glycerol molecule. This structure affects the arrangement of phospholipids in the membrane because it has the privilege to create cell membranes because of its properties.

The pH of a solution describes what?

The concentration of H+ ions

Describe what occurs during Photosystem II and Photosystem I of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Respond in 2-3 complete sentences using your best grammar.

The light-dependent reaction converts ADP and NADP into energy in the forms of ATP and NADP; the primary purpose of the light-dependent reaction is to change light energy to chemical energy. This process begins in the chloroplast's thylakoids, and the thylakoids have photosystems, which produce electrons that start the electron transport chain.

In your own words, describe the octet rule and how this is related to the formation of chemical bonds. Use your best grammar to write 2-4 sentences.

The octet rule is when two atoms bond perfectly without exceeding 8 shared electrons, making it very stable. This is related to the formation of chemical bonds because it guides us on whether certain atoms can or cannot form chemical bonds.

Name and describe the effect of the three solutions associated with osmosis. Respond in 2-3 complete sentences using your best grammar.

The three solutions associated with osmosis are hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic. Hypotonic consists of a less amount of concentration of the solutes in the cell, hypertonic consists of a greater supply of concentration of the solutes in the cell, which makes them both opposite of one another, and isotonic consists of equal levels of solute in the cell. The effects of hypotonic and hypertonic are not ideal for the cell because they are not balanced; however, isotonic gives the best results because its levels of concentration are not out of order.

Compare and contrast the two types of cell transport. Respond in 2-3 complete sentences using your best grammar.

The two types of cell transport are active transport and passive transport. Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not. Additionally, the three different methods of passive transport are simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. However, active transport's three other methods include membrane pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

Describe what occurs during the process of cellular respiration. Respond in 2-3 complete sentences using your best grammar.

There are three stages of cellular respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain. The process starts with glycolysis, beginning by making a pyruvate product; next, the Krebs cycle begins with the oxygen provided, using pyruvate as the primary reactant and the limited energy amounts carry on to the next stage; carbon dioxide as a waste product. Lastly, The Electron Transport Chain takes place, making ATP and oxygen partake in the process now, which then is used in making water molecules

When carbohydrates are low, fatty acids can be broken down for energy in a process called beta-oxidation. What happens to fatty acids if there are enough carbohydrates for energy?

They are stored as triglycerides.

What is responsible for the ability of water to form hydrogen bonds?

Water's polar covalent bonds

Which team of scientists experimented with lens types to create the first compound microscope?

Zaccharius and Hans Janssen

Ion

a charged atom to the gain or loss of electrons

Covalent bond

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons

Ionic bond

a chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons

Solution

a liquid that contains dissolved materials

Solvent

a liquid used to dissolve materials

ADP

a low-energy molecule possessing inly two phosphate groups

Hydrogen bonding

a type of intermolecule force occuring only between polar molecules

The idea life comes from life is __________.

biogenesis

The process of photosynthesis takes place in the [ Select ] , whereas cellular respiration takes place in the [ Select ]

chloroplast, mitocondria

Needham

disagreed with Redi and showed spontagneous generation to be correct (even though he was INCORRECT)

Grana

stacks of thylakoids