BIO 2 EXAM 1

BLANK non essential amino acids - body can synthesize by breaking down and rearranging. aka BLANK . Done in the liver.

12, (TRANSAMINATION)

Enzymes rely heavily on the BLANK to give them their active site

3D tertiary shape

active transport Energy is in the form of BLANK!

ATP

DNA bases include: BLANK BLANK BLANK BLANK

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

If the hydroxyl group is joined by a single bond to a BLANK AND in an alkyl chain it forms an BLANK

C, and alcohol.

A polysaccharide BLANK - unbranched polymer 1000's of units long. Chains stack and form cross-links by H bonds to create very strong fibers. Enzyme cellulase is needed to digest this

Cellulose

Formed when 2 amino acids are joined.

Dipeptide.

BLANK Made by the elimination of water = BLANK

Disaccharides, CONDENSATION

BLANK are Broken down by addition of water = BLANK (needs an enzyme)

Disaccharides,HYDROLYSIS

-movement of molecules INTO the cell.

Endocytosis

Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles. Called "Cell Eating"

Endocytosis - Phagocytosis

This is called the Na+-K+ (Sodium Potasssium) Pump

Examples of active transport : BLANK out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.

in amines, H bond with water = BLANK H can be easily BLANK

Hydrophilic,replaced

20% SALT 80 % WATER

Hypertonic Solution ( direction of water movement is to the right)

How does the membrane move material in or out of the cell?

Material can move freely Material need to use channels or pumps that are in the membrane.

What moves in active transport?

Minerals, some sugars, & most amino acids

BLANK ARE Single sugars - general formula (CH2O)n where n is the # of C atoms.

Monosaccharides

Can contain between 3 & 7 C atoms

Monosaccharides

Generic name indicates # of C atoms, e.g. pentose =5; hexose = 6

Monosaccharides

Includes glucose, fructose, galactose

Monosaccharides

Name typically ends with "ose" indicating that it is a sugar.

Monosaccharides

Sweet, soluble and quick source of energy

Monosaccharides

Cells in an isotonic soloution have NO BLANK

NET MOVEMENT (direction of water movement is to the both directions)

Is energy needed for osmosis?

NO WAY!!

Is energy required for facilitated diffusion

NO energy required!

Endocytosis moves molecules into the cell through the BLANK that forms a vesicle as BLANK

Plasma membrane. material enters cell.

Formed by a condensation reaction, with 3 Ester bonds created

Triglycerides

Glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached

Triglycerides

What are the five types of passive transport

Types: Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Exocytosis Endocytosis

Exocytosis moves extremely large molecules through BLANK form around molecule and fuse with the BLANK.

Vesicles, plasma membrane

Both water and alcohols contain OH so they H bond to each other, making BLANK

alcohols water-soluble.

In Alphatic groups If there are triple bonds it is an BLANK

alkyne

BLANK Readily accept protons to form NH3+.

amines

BLANK form strong bases

amines

What are cytolysis and plasmolysis are in what kind of cells?

animal

Protein pores used during cell transport

aquaporins

Contain C, H, O

carbohydrates

BLANK are Used as an energy store & supply Used for plant structure BLANK Simplest is BLANK, C6H12O6

carbohydrates (cellulose), glucose

what are the six main elements

carbon hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

CARBOXYLIC ACID OF ONE JOINS TO THE AMINE OF ANOTHER.

dipeptides

Peptide bond that holds the amino acids together

dipeptides

Each functional group has its ownBLANK . The properties of the functional group allow us to BLANK

distinctive properties, predict the properties of the compound or molecule that is formed.

In Alphatic groups If there areBLANK it is an alkene.

double bonds (unsaturated)

In DNA and RNA bases the N containing molecules whose sequence is responsible for BLANK

encoding genetic information

In Carboxylic acid, Fatty acids form BLANK when they join with BLANK

ester bonds, phosphates.

In Phospholipids, Phosphate head is BLANK, Lipid tails are BLANK

polar - hydrophillic, non polar - hydrophobic

RNA has no BLANK, but replaces it with BLANK

thymine, Uracil

What are turgor pressure and plasmolysis in plant cells?

turgor pressure Plant cell placed in distilled water. Cell stifens but generally maintains shape. In plasmolysis plant cell is placed in concentrated salt solution. The cell body Shrinks and pulls away from cell wall.

Aliphatic groups are groups that contain only BLANK. Also known as BLANK

H & C. hydrocarbons

teritary protein structures Shape is held by BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK

H bonds, disulfide bridges & ionic attractions.

Water movers from where is it in BLANK to where it is in BLANK

HIGH concentration (low solute) to in LOW concentration (high solute)

BLANK is a quaternary protein with a heme group in the middle.

Hemoglobin

what is HONC ??

Hydrogen 1 e- in outer shell. Forms 1 bond Oxygen 2 e- in outer shell. Forms 2 bonds Nitrogen 3 e- in outer shell. Forms 3 bonds Carbon 4 e- in outer shell. Forms 4 bonds

5% SALT 95% WATER

Hypotonic Solution (direction of water movement is to the left)

In BLANK plant cell is placed in concentrated salt solution. The cell body BLANK and pulls away from cell wall.

Shrinks, plasmolysis

Requires NO energy PARTICLES move from an area of HIGH to LOW concentration

Simple Diffusion

Solute + Solvent= BLANK

Solution

A polysaccharide BLANK - made by plants. Branched chains of amylose & amylopectin. Branches at approximately every BLANK

Starch, 20th glucose

BLANK Pungent odor, ex. Skunk, hair perm products.

Sulfhydryl groups

Aromatic amines have the N attached to an BLANK, such as aniline a common dye. These are less BLANK

aromatic ring, alkaline.

active transport ENERY is needed because the BLANK are moving against the BLANK

the molecules are moving against the concentration gradient.

In Sulfhydryl groups, If the SH is added to an alkane the suffix BLank is added to create a new name

thiol

In BLANK Plant cell placed in distilled water. Cell BLANK but generally maintains shape.

turgor pressure, stifens

R = BLANK. This is what makes the 20 amino acids BLANK

variable side chain, different

Carboxylic acids are BLANK, so they easily dissociate into H+ and RCOO− in solution.

weak acids

The glycosidic bond forms between the BLANK and BLANK, forming a 1-4 glycosidic bond.

#1 carbon of one glucose and the #4 of the other

NAD+ is oxidized BY BLANK during electron transport reactions in BLANK

(H added to form NADH. respiration.

BLANK dissolve stuff and BLANK dissolve in stuff)

(Solvents. Solutes

Hair perms (straightening BLANK the S-S back to SH. Hair perms (curling) BLANK SH to S-S

) reduce, oxidize

When a single H is removed an amino group is formed BLANK

- NH2.

Each nucleotide contains: BLANK BLank and blank

A pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) A phosphate A nitrogen containing base

BLANK uses a transport protein to BLANK of materials from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration.

Facilitated diffusion . aide movement

What might need help in facilitated diffusion to make it across the plasma membrane?

Glucose it is a large molecule

Two polysaccharides used for storage

Glycogen and Starch

A polysaccharide BLANK - made by animals. Similar to starch but branches at approximately everyBLANK, so easier to BLANK

Glycogen, 12th glucose, break down for energy.

Glucose monomers joined in long chains are

Glycosidic bonds

In BLANK, 1 water molecule is removed to create the bond during a condensation reaction, also known as a

Glycosidic bonds, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.

In the Sodium Potassium pump BLANK pumped in for every BLANK ; creates a membrane potential

3 Na+ is pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out

How are extremely large molecules moved?

Exocytosis

BLANK Form the lipid bi-layer of cell membranes

Phospholipids

Glycerol & 2 fatty acids. The 3rd fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group (PO42-). Forms a phosphoester link

Phospholipids

Most common form of endocytosis.

Pinocytosis

Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle.

Pinocytosis

BLANK is when a Cell forms an invagination and Materials dissolve in water to be brought into cell called BLANK

Pinocytosis.Called "Cell Drinking"

Carboxylic acid is BLANK; form BLANK with each other.

Polar, H-bonds

Number, type & sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Primary Protein Structure

Examples: OF BLANK Building cells Collagen, keratin Hemoglobin Antibodies Enzymes hormones

Proteins

Used for growth, repair, support, movement, transport, immunity & coordination.

Proteins

Examples of active transport : BLANK out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.

Pumping Na+ (sodium ions)

Adenine and Guanine are BLANK Cytosine and Thymine are BLANK

Purines - 2 ring structure Pyrimidines - single ring structure

BLANK - Several polypeptides join together to form a single unit. May also involve interaction with another molecule.

Quaternary protein structures

In BLANK The polypeptide chain folds into one of two different shapes: BLANK OR BLANK

Secondary protein structures, β pleated sheet (silk) α helix (keratin).

BLANK known amino acids BLANK essential - body cannot make them so must be taken in by diet

20 . 8 essential,

BLANK is the energy molecule.

ATP

In carbonyl group Two main types:

Aldehydes (CHO) Ketones - H replaced by CH2OH.

blank Form the basis of all organic molecules

Aliphatic groups

BLANK is a A class of organic chemical compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia (NH3) have been BLANK

Amines, replaced by other groups of atoms (usually an alkyl and form an aliphatic amine)

These are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins.

Amino acids

This is a type of passive transport because no energy is required Molecules naturally have energy so they can move on their own.

Diffusion

There are three main types of passive transport

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion

BLANK is the net movement of the PARTICLES of a substance from where they are BLANK to an area where they are BLANK

Diffusion, more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.

Bond formed is a GLYCOSIDIC bond

Disaccharides

Includes maltose, sucrose, lactose

Disaccharides

Made by joining two monosaccharides

Disaccharides

These are the BLANK through which molecules move into or out of cells when facilitated diffusion occurs.

Ion Channels: pores

10% SALT 90% WATER

Isotonic Solution

What is the function of the cell's plasma membrane?

It allows different types of materials to move into or out of the cell.

What does passive transport mean?

It is how material moves across a membrane requiring only the random motion of the molecules. NO energy is needed to be used by the cell!

What does active transport mean?

It is how molecules move across a membrane

Do you remember what transport is from passive transport?

It is movement of "stuff" from one side of the cell to the other.

BLANK have a Condensation reaction - BLANK

LOSES WATER

In active transport The molecules are moving from an area of BLANK concentration to an area of BLANk concentration.

LOW concentration to HIGH concentration.

Made from glycerol and fatty acid chains

Lipids

Lipids are BLANK, so insoluble in water

Non polar

Diffusion of WATER across a membrane

Osmosis

There are two main types of cell transport

Passive Transport Active transport

High to low concentration With the concentration gradient iS BLANK

Passive transport

What are aquaporins?

Water channels

ENERGY needed! ATP!

active transport

Low to high concentration Against the concentration gradient

active transport

Carboxylic acid is made of A BLANK AND BLANK

carbonyl + alcohol.

The BLANK is one of the most reactive functional groups. It is C=O

carbonyl group

in BLANK The electrons around the C are pulled towards the O, making a strong BLANK molecule, causing the H end to become more + and so more BLANK

carbonyl group, polar, acidic.

A polysaccharide used for structure

cellulose

Functional groups bind to aliphatic groups to produce BLANK

complex biological molecules

BLANK Form part of the amino acid BLANK and when two SH groups come together during protein folding they are oxidized and lose the H, forming a BLANK which makes BLANK

cysteine. disulfide bridges. This gives hair its curl.

Some BLANK have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in BLANK AND BLANK ETC. This is called BLANK

integral proteins, hormones, cholesterol, etc. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Carboxylic acid + alcohol = BLANK

ester.

The order and sequence of the amino acids in the chain determines the BLANK and BLANK of the protein molecule.

eventual shape and function

Changes to the primary structure can change the BLANK AND BLANK

eventual shape and function of the protein

In BLANK Molecules will randomly move through the channels that are created by proteins to HELP BLANK

facilitated diffusion, move large particles from one side of the cell to the other.

Insoluble, long coiled strands Keratin; elastin; collagen

fibrous proteins

Compact, rounded structure. Soluble Metabolic role

globular proteins

Hormones, antibodies, enzymes

globular proteins

Energy is held in BLANK

high energy phosphate bonds.

What is the solute concentration in extracellular space in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions

high, no difference, low

exocytosis is how many BLANK ARE BLANK, and how nerve cells BLANK

hormones are secreted . communicate with one another.

Name of the BLANK indicates the bond arrangement

hydrocarbon

functional groups are atoms or molecules bonded at the end of a BLANK.

hydrocarbon (aliphatic) backbone

In THE HYDROXYL GROUP the phenols the OH is attached to a BLANK

hydrocarbon ring.

Larger carboxylic acids are less-soluble due to their BLANK. They are soluble in solvents such as BLANK OR BLANK, which are not as polar.

hydrophobic alkyl chain. ethers and alcohols

OH = BLANK

hydroxyl

If BLANK are heated or subject to altered pH they lBLANK, the active site BLANKS and they BLANK - AKA BLANK

lose their 3D shape, changes shape, no longer function AKA DENATURED

Sulfur analogue of OH and also known as BLANK OR BLANK

mercaptan or thiol.

what are the main elements that are found in ALL organic molecules

nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

what are the main elements that are found in SOME organic molecules

nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

Is energy needed for passive transport?

no

In Sulfhydryl groups, S-H a BLANK and not BLANK

nonpolar covalent bond. Not water soluble.

BLANK are Made from monomers called nucleotides

nucleic acids

Nucleotides join to form DNA & RNA, which are both BLANK

nucleic acids

ATP & NAD are both BLANK

nucleotides

Structure in Secondary protein structures is due to the arrangement of the amino acids in the BLANK and held together by BLANK

primary sequence and is held together by H-bonds.

The changes in primary protein structures are either BLANK

random genetic mutations or caused by environmental conditions such as pollutants or exposure to certain mutagenic compounds.

The glycosidic bond is created by BLANK, so it can be broken by BLANK. Because it needs energy to break the bond, BLANK are also needed. This is the process of BLANK

removing water, adding water, enzymes. Hydrolysis

Lipids: Fatty acids can be BLANK or BLANK

saturated - all single bonds Unsaturated - some double bonds

In BLANK Cells placed in concentrated salt soloution BLANK AND BLANK

shrivel and shrink, plasmolysis

If all the bonds are BLANK in alaphatic groups it is an BLANK

single (saturated), alkane or alkyl

Smaller carboxylic acids are BLANK in water. (< 5C)

soluble

In BLANK Cells placed in distilled water, will BLANK AND BLANK

swell and burst, Cytolysis.

Secondary structure causes adjacent side chains to come together called BLANK. This leads to attraction or repulsion causing a BLANK

teritary protein structures, 3D shape.