BIO 2 EXAM 1
BLANK non essential amino acids - body can synthesize by breaking down and rearranging. aka BLANK . Done in the liver.
12, (TRANSAMINATION)
Enzymes rely heavily on the BLANK to give them their active site
3D tertiary shape
active transport Energy is in the form of BLANK!
ATP
DNA bases include: BLANK BLANK BLANK BLANK
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine
If the hydroxyl group is joined by a single bond to a BLANK AND in an alkyl chain it forms an BLANK
C, and alcohol.
A polysaccharide BLANK - unbranched polymer 1000's of units long. Chains stack and form cross-links by H bonds to create very strong fibers. Enzyme cellulase is needed to digest this
Cellulose
Formed when 2 amino acids are joined.
Dipeptide.
BLANK Made by the elimination of water = BLANK
Disaccharides, CONDENSATION
BLANK are Broken down by addition of water = BLANK (needs an enzyme)
Disaccharides,HYDROLYSIS
-movement of molecules INTO the cell.
Endocytosis
Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles. Called "Cell Eating"
Endocytosis - Phagocytosis
This is called the Na+-K+ (Sodium Potasssium) Pump
Examples of active transport : BLANK out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.
in amines, H bond with water = BLANK H can be easily BLANK
Hydrophilic,replaced
20% SALT 80 % WATER
Hypertonic Solution ( direction of water movement is to the right)
How does the membrane move material in or out of the cell?
Material can move freely Material need to use channels or pumps that are in the membrane.
What moves in active transport?
Minerals, some sugars, & most amino acids
BLANK ARE Single sugars - general formula (CH2O)n where n is the # of C atoms.
Monosaccharides
Can contain between 3 & 7 C atoms
Monosaccharides
Generic name indicates # of C atoms, e.g. pentose =5; hexose = 6
Monosaccharides
Includes glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides
Name typically ends with "ose" indicating that it is a sugar.
Monosaccharides
Sweet, soluble and quick source of energy
Monosaccharides
Cells in an isotonic soloution have NO BLANK
NET MOVEMENT (direction of water movement is to the both directions)
Is energy needed for osmosis?
NO WAY!!
Is energy required for facilitated diffusion
NO energy required!
Endocytosis moves molecules into the cell through the BLANK that forms a vesicle as BLANK
Plasma membrane. material enters cell.
Formed by a condensation reaction, with 3 Ester bonds created
Triglycerides
Glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached
Triglycerides
What are the five types of passive transport
Types: Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Exocytosis Endocytosis
Exocytosis moves extremely large molecules through BLANK form around molecule and fuse with the BLANK.
Vesicles, plasma membrane
Both water and alcohols contain OH so they H bond to each other, making BLANK
alcohols water-soluble.
In Alphatic groups If there are triple bonds it is an BLANK
alkyne
BLANK Readily accept protons to form NH3+.
amines
BLANK form strong bases
amines
What are cytolysis and plasmolysis are in what kind of cells?
animal
Protein pores used during cell transport
aquaporins
Contain C, H, O
carbohydrates
BLANK are Used as an energy store & supply Used for plant structure BLANK Simplest is BLANK, C6H12O6
carbohydrates (cellulose), glucose
what are the six main elements
carbon hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
CARBOXYLIC ACID OF ONE JOINS TO THE AMINE OF ANOTHER.
dipeptides
Peptide bond that holds the amino acids together
dipeptides
Each functional group has its ownBLANK . The properties of the functional group allow us to BLANK
distinctive properties, predict the properties of the compound or molecule that is formed.
In Alphatic groups If there areBLANK it is an alkene.
double bonds (unsaturated)
In DNA and RNA bases the N containing molecules whose sequence is responsible for BLANK
encoding genetic information
In Carboxylic acid, Fatty acids form BLANK when they join with BLANK
ester bonds, phosphates.
In Phospholipids, Phosphate head is BLANK, Lipid tails are BLANK
polar - hydrophillic, non polar - hydrophobic
RNA has no BLANK, but replaces it with BLANK
thymine, Uracil
What are turgor pressure and plasmolysis in plant cells?
turgor pressure Plant cell placed in distilled water. Cell stifens but generally maintains shape. In plasmolysis plant cell is placed in concentrated salt solution. The cell body Shrinks and pulls away from cell wall.
Aliphatic groups are groups that contain only BLANK. Also known as BLANK
H & C. hydrocarbons
teritary protein structures Shape is held by BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK
H bonds, disulfide bridges & ionic attractions.
Water movers from where is it in BLANK to where it is in BLANK
HIGH concentration (low solute) to in LOW concentration (high solute)
BLANK is a quaternary protein with a heme group in the middle.
Hemoglobin
what is HONC ??
Hydrogen 1 e- in outer shell. Forms 1 bond Oxygen 2 e- in outer shell. Forms 2 bonds Nitrogen 3 e- in outer shell. Forms 3 bonds Carbon 4 e- in outer shell. Forms 4 bonds
5% SALT 95% WATER
Hypotonic Solution (direction of water movement is to the left)
In BLANK plant cell is placed in concentrated salt solution. The cell body BLANK and pulls away from cell wall.
Shrinks, plasmolysis
Requires NO energy PARTICLES move from an area of HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple Diffusion
Solute + Solvent= BLANK
Solution
A polysaccharide BLANK - made by plants. Branched chains of amylose & amylopectin. Branches at approximately every BLANK
Starch, 20th glucose
BLANK Pungent odor, ex. Skunk, hair perm products.
Sulfhydryl groups
Aromatic amines have the N attached to an BLANK, such as aniline a common dye. These are less BLANK
aromatic ring, alkaline.
active transport ENERY is needed because the BLANK are moving against the BLANK
the molecules are moving against the concentration gradient.
In Sulfhydryl groups, If the SH is added to an alkane the suffix BLank is added to create a new name
thiol
In BLANK Plant cell placed in distilled water. Cell BLANK but generally maintains shape.
turgor pressure, stifens
R = BLANK. This is what makes the 20 amino acids BLANK
variable side chain, different
Carboxylic acids are BLANK, so they easily dissociate into H+ and RCOO− in solution.
weak acids
The glycosidic bond forms between the BLANK and BLANK, forming a 1-4 glycosidic bond.
#1 carbon of one glucose and the #4 of the other
NAD+ is oxidized BY BLANK during electron transport reactions in BLANK
(H added to form NADH. respiration.
BLANK dissolve stuff and BLANK dissolve in stuff)
(Solvents. Solutes
Hair perms (straightening BLANK the S-S back to SH. Hair perms (curling) BLANK SH to S-S
) reduce, oxidize
When a single H is removed an amino group is formed BLANK
- NH2.
Each nucleotide contains: BLANK BLank and blank
A pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) A phosphate A nitrogen containing base
BLANK uses a transport protein to BLANK of materials from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration.
Facilitated diffusion . aide movement
What might need help in facilitated diffusion to make it across the plasma membrane?
Glucose it is a large molecule
Two polysaccharides used for storage
Glycogen and Starch
A polysaccharide BLANK - made by animals. Similar to starch but branches at approximately everyBLANK, so easier to BLANK
Glycogen, 12th glucose, break down for energy.
Glucose monomers joined in long chains are
Glycosidic bonds
In BLANK, 1 water molecule is removed to create the bond during a condensation reaction, also known as a
Glycosidic bonds, DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.
In the Sodium Potassium pump BLANK pumped in for every BLANK ; creates a membrane potential
3 Na+ is pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out
How are extremely large molecules moved?
Exocytosis
BLANK Form the lipid bi-layer of cell membranes
Phospholipids
Glycerol & 2 fatty acids. The 3rd fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group (PO42-). Forms a phosphoester link
Phospholipids
Most common form of endocytosis.
Pinocytosis
Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle.
Pinocytosis
BLANK is when a Cell forms an invagination and Materials dissolve in water to be brought into cell called BLANK
Pinocytosis.Called "Cell Drinking"
Carboxylic acid is BLANK; form BLANK with each other.
Polar, H-bonds
Number, type & sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
Primary Protein Structure
Examples: OF BLANK Building cells Collagen, keratin Hemoglobin Antibodies Enzymes hormones
Proteins
Used for growth, repair, support, movement, transport, immunity & coordination.
Proteins
Examples of active transport : BLANK out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.
Pumping Na+ (sodium ions)
Adenine and Guanine are BLANK Cytosine and Thymine are BLANK
Purines - 2 ring structure Pyrimidines - single ring structure
BLANK - Several polypeptides join together to form a single unit. May also involve interaction with another molecule.
Quaternary protein structures
In BLANK The polypeptide chain folds into one of two different shapes: BLANK OR BLANK
Secondary protein structures, β pleated sheet (silk) α helix (keratin).
BLANK known amino acids BLANK essential - body cannot make them so must be taken in by diet
20 . 8 essential,
BLANK is the energy molecule.
ATP
In carbonyl group Two main types:
Aldehydes (CHO) Ketones - H replaced by CH2OH.
blank Form the basis of all organic molecules
Aliphatic groups
BLANK is a A class of organic chemical compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia (NH3) have been BLANK
Amines, replaced by other groups of atoms (usually an alkyl and form an aliphatic amine)
These are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins.
Amino acids
This is a type of passive transport because no energy is required Molecules naturally have energy so they can move on their own.
Diffusion
There are three main types of passive transport
Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion
BLANK is the net movement of the PARTICLES of a substance from where they are BLANK to an area where they are BLANK
Diffusion, more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
Bond formed is a GLYCOSIDIC bond
Disaccharides
Includes maltose, sucrose, lactose
Disaccharides
Made by joining two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
These are the BLANK through which molecules move into or out of cells when facilitated diffusion occurs.
Ion Channels: pores
10% SALT 90% WATER
Isotonic Solution
What is the function of the cell's plasma membrane?
It allows different types of materials to move into or out of the cell.
What does passive transport mean?
It is how material moves across a membrane requiring only the random motion of the molecules. NO energy is needed to be used by the cell!
What does active transport mean?
It is how molecules move across a membrane
Do you remember what transport is from passive transport?
It is movement of "stuff" from one side of the cell to the other.
BLANK have a Condensation reaction - BLANK
LOSES WATER
In active transport The molecules are moving from an area of BLANK concentration to an area of BLANk concentration.
LOW concentration to HIGH concentration.
Made from glycerol and fatty acid chains
Lipids
Lipids are BLANK, so insoluble in water
Non polar
Diffusion of WATER across a membrane
Osmosis
There are two main types of cell transport
Passive Transport Active transport
High to low concentration With the concentration gradient iS BLANK
Passive transport
What are aquaporins?
Water channels
ENERGY needed! ATP!
active transport
Low to high concentration Against the concentration gradient
active transport
Carboxylic acid is made of A BLANK AND BLANK
carbonyl + alcohol.
The BLANK is one of the most reactive functional groups. It is C=O
carbonyl group
in BLANK The electrons around the C are pulled towards the O, making a strong BLANK molecule, causing the H end to become more + and so more BLANK
carbonyl group, polar, acidic.
A polysaccharide used for structure
cellulose
Functional groups bind to aliphatic groups to produce BLANK
complex biological molecules
BLANK Form part of the amino acid BLANK and when two SH groups come together during protein folding they are oxidized and lose the H, forming a BLANK which makes BLANK
cysteine. disulfide bridges. This gives hair its curl.
Some BLANK have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in BLANK AND BLANK ETC. This is called BLANK
integral proteins, hormones, cholesterol, etc. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Carboxylic acid + alcohol = BLANK
ester.
The order and sequence of the amino acids in the chain determines the BLANK and BLANK of the protein molecule.
eventual shape and function
Changes to the primary structure can change the BLANK AND BLANK
eventual shape and function of the protein
In BLANK Molecules will randomly move through the channels that are created by proteins to HELP BLANK
facilitated diffusion, move large particles from one side of the cell to the other.
Insoluble, long coiled strands Keratin; elastin; collagen
fibrous proteins
Compact, rounded structure. Soluble Metabolic role
globular proteins
Hormones, antibodies, enzymes
globular proteins
Energy is held in BLANK
high energy phosphate bonds.
What is the solute concentration in extracellular space in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions
high, no difference, low
exocytosis is how many BLANK ARE BLANK, and how nerve cells BLANK
hormones are secreted . communicate with one another.
Name of the BLANK indicates the bond arrangement
hydrocarbon
functional groups are atoms or molecules bonded at the end of a BLANK.
hydrocarbon (aliphatic) backbone
In THE HYDROXYL GROUP the phenols the OH is attached to a BLANK
hydrocarbon ring.
Larger carboxylic acids are less-soluble due to their BLANK. They are soluble in solvents such as BLANK OR BLANK, which are not as polar.
hydrophobic alkyl chain. ethers and alcohols
OH = BLANK
hydroxyl
If BLANK are heated or subject to altered pH they lBLANK, the active site BLANKS and they BLANK - AKA BLANK
lose their 3D shape, changes shape, no longer function AKA DENATURED
Sulfur analogue of OH and also known as BLANK OR BLANK
mercaptan or thiol.
what are the main elements that are found in ALL organic molecules
nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
what are the main elements that are found in SOME organic molecules
nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Is energy needed for passive transport?
no
In Sulfhydryl groups, S-H a BLANK and not BLANK
nonpolar covalent bond. Not water soluble.
BLANK are Made from monomers called nucleotides
nucleic acids
Nucleotides join to form DNA & RNA, which are both BLANK
nucleic acids
ATP & NAD are both BLANK
nucleotides
Structure in Secondary protein structures is due to the arrangement of the amino acids in the BLANK and held together by BLANK
primary sequence and is held together by H-bonds.
The changes in primary protein structures are either BLANK
random genetic mutations or caused by environmental conditions such as pollutants or exposure to certain mutagenic compounds.
The glycosidic bond is created by BLANK, so it can be broken by BLANK. Because it needs energy to break the bond, BLANK are also needed. This is the process of BLANK
removing water, adding water, enzymes. Hydrolysis
Lipids: Fatty acids can be BLANK or BLANK
saturated - all single bonds Unsaturated - some double bonds
In BLANK Cells placed in concentrated salt soloution BLANK AND BLANK
shrivel and shrink, plasmolysis
If all the bonds are BLANK in alaphatic groups it is an BLANK
single (saturated), alkane or alkyl
Smaller carboxylic acids are BLANK in water. (< 5C)
soluble
In BLANK Cells placed in distilled water, will BLANK AND BLANK
swell and burst, Cytolysis.
Secondary structure causes adjacent side chains to come together called BLANK. This leads to attraction or repulsion causing a BLANK
teritary protein structures, 3D shape.