Bio 2 Quiz 3
Knowledge/Comprehension
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Synthesis/Evaluation 43) Which of these evolutionary trees represents the situation described in the previous paragraph (Note: Yakuba (I) represents the island population, and yakuba (M) represents the mainland population)? A) B) C) D)
A Topic: Concepts 22.3, 24.1
Application/Analysis Art Questions The next few questions refer to the following phylogenetic trees. I. II. III. IV. 49) Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
A Topic: Concepts 26.1, 31.3
Application/Analysis 9) Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? A) the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability B) the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown C) the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility D) gametic isolation
A Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 13) Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable? 1. sympatric species 2. prezygotic isolation 3. postzygotic isolation 4. allopatric species 5. habitat isolation 6. reduced hybrid fertility A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 4 C) 1, 3, and 6 D) 2, 4, and 5 E) 1, 2, 5, and 6
A Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 18) The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the A) relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs. B) speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation. C) amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs. D) identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur. E) the ploidy of the two populations as speciation occurs.
A Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 46) Which type of reproductive isolation operates to keep the mosquitofish isolated, even when fish from different ponds are reunited in the same body of water? A) behavioral isolation B) habitat isolation C) temporal isolation D) mechanical isolation E) gametic isolation
A Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 54) Which factor is most important for explaining why there are equal numbers of snapping shrimp species on either side of the isthmus? A) the relative shortness of time they have been separated B) the depth of the ocean C) the number of actual depth habitats between the surface and the sea floor D) the elevation of the isthmus above sea level E) the depth of the canal
A Topic: Concept 24.2
Synthesis/Evaluation The next few questions refer to the following description. In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. The oceans were completely separated by the isthmus about 3 million years ago. 50) Why should deepwater shrimp on different sides of the isthmus have diverged from each other earlier than shallow-water shrimp? A) They have been geographically isolated from each other for a longer time. B) Cold temperatures, associated with deep water, have accelerated the mutation rate, resulting in faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. C) The rise of the land bridge was accompanied by much volcanic activity. Volcanic ash contains heavy metals, which are known mutagens. Ash fall caused high levels of heavy metals in the ocean sediments underlying the deep water, resulting in accelerated mutation rates and faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. D) Fresh water entering the ocean from the canal is both less dense and cloudier than seawater. The cloudy fresh water interferes with the ability of shallow-water shrimp to locate mating partners, which reduces the frequency of mating, thereby slowing the introduction of genetic variation.
A Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 47) What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond, and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond? A) Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators. B) Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond. C) Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds. D) Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond.
A Topic: Concept 24.3
Application/Analysis 25) The first terrestrial organisms probably were considered which of the following? 1. burrowers 2. photosynthetic 3. multicellular 4. prokaryotes 5. eukaryotes 6. plants and their associated fungi A) 2 and 4 B) 3 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 6 E) 2, 3, 5, and 6
A Topic: Concept 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 23) The snowball Earth hypothesis provides a possible explanation for the A) diversification of animals during the late Proterozoic era. B) oxygenation of Earth's seas and atmosphere. C) colonization of land by plants and fungi. D) origin of oxygen-releasing photosynthesis. E) existence of prokaryotes around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.
A Topic: Concept 25.3
Application/Analysis 26) If two continents converge and are united, then the collision should cause A) a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat. B) the extinction of any species adapted to intertidal and coastal habitats. C) an overall decrease in the surface area located in the continental interior. D) a decrease in climatic extremes in the interior of the new supercontinent. E) the maintenance of the previously existing ocean currents and wind patterns.
A Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 22) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? A) red algae B) brown algae C) green algae D) dinoflagellates E) golden algae
A Topic: Concept 28.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 15) The following are all adaptations to life on land except A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. B) cuticles. C) tracheids. D) reduced gametophyte generation. E) seeds.
A Topic: Concept 29.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 8) What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? A) rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming B) a long tubular body shape C) the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition D) a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients
A Topic: Concept 31.1
Application/Analysis Scenario Questions Please refer to the following information to answer the next few questions. Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. 59) If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? A) 100, carried on 7 chromosomes B) 100, carried on 14 chromosomes C) 200, carried on 7 chromosomes D) 200, carried on 14 chromosomes E) 400, carried on 14 chromosomes
A Topic: Concept 31.2
Application/Analysis 60) What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore? A) monoploid B) diploid C) triploid D) tetraploid E) polyploid
A Topic: Concept 31.2
Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. B) It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate. C) It should be transcriptionally less active. D) It should have reduced motility. E) It should have a smaller nucleus.
A Topic: Concept 31.3
Application/Analysis 46) Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants' A) leaf mesophyll. B) stem apical meristems. C) root apical meristems D) xylem. E) waxy cuticle.
A Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to A) reduce competition for nutrients. B) help humanity survive. C) promote their ingestion of foodstuffs. D) eliminate other fungi. E) discourage animal predators.
A Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 42) If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner? A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. B) It was probably a red alga. C) It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria. D) It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote. E) It was probably infected by bacteriophage.
A Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour? A) ergotism B) athlete's foot C) ringworm D) candidiasis (Candida yeast infection) E) coccidioidomycosis
A Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 12) If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. 2. chlorophylls a and b. 3. alternation of generations. 4. cell walls of cellulose. 5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin. A) 1 and 5 B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 1, 4, and 5 E) 1, 2, 4, and 5
A Topic: Concepts 26.3, 29.1
20) The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants D) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants
A Topic: Concepts 28.1, 28.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Which of the following statements concerning protists is true? A) All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names. B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. C) All apicomplexans are autotrophic. D) All slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts.
A Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6
Synthesis/Evaluation 25) Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells, known as xenomas, which are full of spores. Given their large size, what should be true of the xenomas? A) The parasite must endow the xenoma with some way to overcome its unfavorable surface area-to-volume ratio. B) The xenoma must obtain mitochondria to survive. C) The xenoma must gain a cell wall; otherwise, it will lyse. D) The xenoma acts as a prison, of sorts, to keep the spores from escaping and infecting other organisms.
A Topic: Concepts 6.2, 31.3
Knowledge/Comprehension Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes, as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II, indicate that microsporidians are closely related to the fungi. Microsporidians lack flagella, centrioles, peroxisomes, and mitochondria (although they do have degenerate mitochondria, called mitosomes). They have the smallest genome of any eukaryote, and it is a genome that changes quickly. The genome is contained within two haploid nuclei. All microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites. They use a unique organelle called a polar filament to gain access to the cells of their hosts. One species causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. Another parasitizes Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito that transmits a fatal form of malaria to humans. 67) Given the eukaryotic structures they lack, it should be expected that microsporidians also lack A) the "9 + 2 pattern" of microtubules. B) chitin. C) lysosomes. D) nuclei. E) centrosomes.
A Topic: Concepts 6.6, 31.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 88) Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) animals B) vascular plants C) mosses D) brown algae E) slime molds
A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 60) Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? A) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. B) The two forms live in similar habitats. C) The two forms have many genes in common. D) The two forms have similar food requirements. E) The two forms are very similar in coloration.
A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
The following questions are from the end-of-chapter "Test Your Understanding" section in Chapter 25 of the textbook. 70) The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? A) the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules B) the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats C) the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen D) the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria E) the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes
A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
1) What is true of macroevolution? A) It is the same as microevolution, but includes the origin of new species. B) It is evolution above the species level. C) It is defined as the evolution of microscopic organisms into organisms that can be seen with the naked eye. D) It is defined as a change in allele or gene frequency over the course of many generations. E) It is the conceptual link between irritability and adaptation.
B Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 14) Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms is applicable? A) behavioral isolation B) mechanical isolation C) hybrid breakdown D) reduced hybrid viability
B Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 8) Rank the following from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. pollen-stigma incompatibility 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism A) 2, 3, 1, 4 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 4, 2, 1, 3 E) 2, 1, 4, 3
B Topic: Concept 24.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible. A) I and II B) I and III C) II and III D) I, II, and III
B Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 21) The origin of a new plant species by hybridization, coupled with accidents during nuclear division, is an example of A) allopatric speciation. B) sympatric speciation. C) autopolyploidy. D) habitat selection.
B Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 56) There are currently two, large, permanent bridges that span the Panama Canal. The bridges are about 8 miles apart. If snapping shrimp avoid swimming at night and avoid swimming under shadows, then what do these bridges represent for the snapping shrimp? A) sources of refuge B) geographic barriers C) sources of a hybrid zone between the two bridges D) sources for increased gene flow
B Topic: Concept 24.2
Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it? A) allopatric speciation; ecological isolation B) sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation C) allopatric speciation; behavioral isolation D) sympatric speciation; sexual selection E) sympatric speciation; allopolyploidy
B Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 44) If the low number of hybrid flies in the hybrid zone, relative to the number of D. santomea flies there, is due to the fact that hybrids are poorly adapted to conditions in the hybrid zone, and if fewer hybrid flies are produced with the passage of time, these conditions will most likely lead to A) fusion. B) reinforcement. C) stability. D) further speciation events.
B Topic: Concept 24.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells? A) the existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts B) the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts C) the size disparity between most prokaryotic cells and most eukaryotic cells D) the observation that some eukaryotic cells lack mitochondria
B Topic: Concept 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 59) If an increase in dicynodont species diversity (in other words, number of species) occurred soon after the Permian extinction, and if it occurred for the same general reason usually given for the increase in mammalian diversity following the Cretaceous extinction, then it should be attributed to A) an innovation among the dicynodonts that allowed them to fill brand-new niches. B) the availability of previously occupied niches. C) the extinction of the dinosaurs (except the birds). D) their outcompetition of many other terrestrial organisms.
B Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension Scenario Questions Refer to the following information to answer the questions below. Fossils of Lystrosaurus, a dicynodont therapsid, are most common in parts of modern-day South America, South Africa, Madagascar, India, South Australia, and Antarctica. It apparently lived in arid regions, and was mostly herbivorous. It originated during the mid-Permian period, survived the Permian extinction, and dwindled by the late Triassic, though there is evidence of a relict population in Australia during the Cretaceous period. The dicynodonts had two large tusks, extending down from their upper jaws. The tusks were not used for food gathering, and in some species were limited to males. Food was gathered using an otherwise toothless beak. Judging from the fossil record in sedimentary rocks, these pig-sized organisms were the most common mammal-like reptiles of the Permian. 56) Anatomically, what was true of Lystrosaurus? A) Its jaw would have been hinged the same way as the jaws of the early reptiles were hinged. B) It was a tetrapod. C) It had skin without scales, typical of modern amphibians. D) It would have had no temporal fenestra in its skull.
B Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 27) The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the A) Cambrian explosion. B) Permian extinctions. C) Pleistocene ice ages. D) Cretaceous extinctions.
B Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae A) are heterotrophs. B) are unicellular. C) have plastids. D) have alternation of generations. E) have cell walls containing cellulose.
B Topic: Concept 28.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium? A) prokaryotic or eukaryotic B) unicellular or multicellular C) diploid or haploid D) autotroph or heterotroph
B Topic: Concept 28.6
Application/Analysis 5) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes. D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga.
B Topic: Concept 29.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. B) reduce dehydration. C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. D) repel toxic chemicals. E) provide nutrients to spores.
B Topic: Concept 29.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 2) All of the following are common to both charophytes and land plants except A) sporopollenin. B) lignin. C) chlorophyll a. D) cellulose. E) chlorophyll b.
B Topic: Concept 29.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the β-glucose. What is this polysaccharide? A) amylopectin B) chitin C) cellulose D) lignin E) glycogen
B Topic: Concept 31.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 7) In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls B) pores in cross-walls C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons D) two nuclei E) tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells
B Topic: Concept 31.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? A) desmosomestonoplasts B) gap junctionsplasmodesmata C) tight junctionsplastids D) centriolesplastids E) flagellacentral vacuoles
B Topic: Concept 31.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 22) The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen A) due to common ancestry. B) by convergent evolution. C) by inheritance of acquired traits. D) by natural means, and is a homology. E) by serial endosymbioses.
B Topic: Concept 31.3
Application/Analysis Synthesis/Evaluation Rose-picker's disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface and then drains. 81) The answer to which of these questions would be of most assistance to one who is attempting to assign the genus Sporothrix to the correct fungal phylum? A) Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host? B) Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic? C) Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic? D) Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans? E) Being a yeast, does S. schenkii perform the process of budding?
B Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 39) If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the "leakiness" of photosynthetic partners. E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.
B Topic: Concept 31.5
Synthesis/Evaluation 83) Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside there. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable? A) The hyphae secrete antibiotics, which increases the ability of the infected human to tolerate the fungus. B) Their conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the body's defenses are at least temporarily overwhelmed. C) Defensive cells of humans cannot detect foreign cells that are covered with cell walls composed of cellulose. D) Given that most fungal pathogens attack plants, human defenses are simply not adapted to seek out and destroy fungi. E) Given that most fungal pathogens of humans infect only the skin, human defenses are not adapted to seek out and destroy systemic fungal infections.
B Topic: Concept 31.5
Application/Analysis 68) The lifestyle of microsporidians is most similar to that of A) scavengers. B) viruses. C) free-living yeasts. D) ectoparasites.
B Topic: Concepts 19.2, 31.3
Application/Analysis 58) If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "C"? A) septic tank B) tree stump C) deceased animal D) fire pit E) cement-capped well
B Topic: Concepts 31.4, 31.5
Application/Analysis End-of-Chapter Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter "Test Your Understanding" section in Chapter 31 of the textbook. 84) All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) pathogenic E) act as decomposers
B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 73) Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because A) the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. B) all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. C) mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA. D) without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur. E) mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, whereas plastids utilize their own ribosomes.
B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 72) Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception. A) vacant ecological niches B) genetic drift C) colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species D) evolutionary innovation E) an adaptive radiation in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another group uses as food
B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 87) The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often A) a moss. B) a green alga. C) a brown alga. D) an ascomycete. E) a small vascular plant.
B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension End-of-Chapter Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter "Test Your Understanding" section in Chapter 24 of the textbook. 57) The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a A) population. B) species. C) genus. D) hybrid. E) phylum.
B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Application/Analysis 15) What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? A) geographic isolation B) niche differences C) gene flow D) morphological similarity E) molecular (DNA, RNA, protein) similarity
C Topic: Concept 24.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Theoretically, the production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) should A) result in the extinction of one of the two parental species. B) cause convergent evolution. C) strengthen postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys. D) weaken the intrinsic reproductive barriers between horses and donkeys. E) eventually result in the formation of a single species from the two parental species.
C Topic: Concept 24.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) biological D) morphological
C Topic: Concept 24.1
The next few questions refer to the following description. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. 39) Which of the following reduces gene flow between the gene pools of the two species on Sao Tomé, despite the existence of hybrids? A) hybrid breakdown B) hybrid inviability C) hybrid sterility D) temporal isolation E) a geographic barrier
C Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 42) Using only the information provided in the paragraph, which of the following is the best initial hypothesis for how D. santomea descended from D. yakuba? A) geographic isolation B) autopolyploidy C) habitat differentiation D) sexual selection E) allopolyploidy
C Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 17) Two closely related populations of mice have been separated for many generations by a river. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the mice populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is not a possible outcome when they meet? A) They interbreed freely and produce fertile hybrid offspring. B) They no longer attempt to interbreed. C) They interbreed in the region of overlap, producing an inferior hybrid. Subsequent interbreeding between inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations. D) They remain separate in the extremes of their ranges but develop a persistent hybrid zone in the area of overlap. E) They interbreed in the region of overlap, but produce sterile offspring.
C Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 55) The Panama Canal was completed in 1914, and its depth is about 50 feet. After 1914, snapping shrimp species from which habitats should be most likely to form hybrids as the result of the canal? A) A5 and B5 B) A3 and B3 C) A1 and B1 D) either A1 and A2, or B1 and B2 E) A1—A3 and B1—B3 have equal likelihoods of harboring snapping shrimp species that can hybridize.
C Topic: Concept 24.2
Knowledge/Comprehension The next few questions refer to the following description. In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (1—5), with 1 being the shallowest. 51) In which habitat should one find snapping shrimp most closely related to shrimp that live in habitat A4? A) A3 B) A5 C) B4 D) either A3 or A5 E) any species from any one of the side A habitats
C Topic: Concept 24.2
Application/Analysis 20) Recent evidence indicates that the first major diversification of multicellular eukaryotes may have coincided in time with the A) origin of prokaryotes. B) switch to an oxidizing atmosphere. C) melting that ended the "snowball Earth" period. D) origin of multicellular organisms. E) massive eruptions of deep-sea vents.
C Topic: Concept 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 18) What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses A) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 C) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 D) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 E) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5
C Topic: Concept 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Which of the following characteristics should have been possessed by the first animals to colonize land? 1. were probably herbivores (ate photosynthesizers) 2. had four appendages 3. had the ability to resist dehydration 4. had lobe-finned fishes as ancestors 5. were invertebrates A) 3 only B) 3 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1, 2, 3, and 4
C Topic: Concept 25.3
Synthesis/Evaluation 22) Which event is nearest in time to the end of the period known as snowball Earth? A) oxygenation of Earth's seas and atmosphere B) evolution of mitochondria C) Cambrian explosion D) evolution of true multicellularity E) Permian extinction
C Topic: Concept 25.3
Application/Analysis 55) Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon? A) mass extinctions, leading to bottleneck effect B) major evolutionary innovations, leading to rafting to nearby continents C) a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation D) adaptive radiation, leading to founder effect E) overcrowding, leading to rafting to nearby lands
C Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 28) On the basis of their morphologies, how might Linnaeus have classified the Hawaiian silverswords? A) He would have placed them all in the same species. B) He would have classified them the same way that modern botanists do. C) He would have placed them in more species than modern botanists do. D) He would have used evolutionary relatedness as the primary criterion for their classification.
C Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 57) How many of Lystrosaurus' features below can help explain why these organisms fossilized so abundantly? I. the presence of hard parts, such as tusks II. its arid environment III. its persistence across at least two geological eras IV. its widespread geographic distribution V. its mixture of reptilian and mammalian features A) only one of these statements B) two of these statements C) three of these statements D) four of these statements E) all five of these statements
C Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 58) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the modern-day distribution of dicynodont fossils? A) There had been two previous supercontinents that existed at different times long before the Permian period. B) The dicynodonts were evenly distributed throughout all of Pangaea. C) The dicynodonts were distributed more abundantly throughout Gondwanaland than throughout any other land mass. D) The dicynodonts were amphibious and able to swim long distances. E) The dicynodonts could survive for periods of months aboard "rafts" of vegetation, few of which made their way to the northern hemisphere.
C Topic: Concept 25.4
Knowledge/Comprehension 10) What is true of charophytes? A) They are the ancestors of green algae. B) They are examples of seedless vascular plants. C) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants. D) They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of generations.
C Topic: Concept 29.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 3) In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae
C Topic: Concept 29.1
Application/Analysis 11) Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have A) fewer nuclei. B) more pores. C) less chitin. D) less cytoplasm. E) reduced cytoplasmic streaming.
C Topic: Concept 31.1
Application/Analysis 3) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria B) soredia C) fungal enzymes D) increased oxygen levels E) larger bacterial populations
C Topic: Concept 31.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 2) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? A) plants B) protists C) prokaryotes D) animals E) mutualistic fungi
C Topic: Concept 31.1
Application/Analysis 24) The microsporidian, Brachiola gambiae, parasitizes the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. A) one statement only B) two statements C) three statements D) four statements E) all five statements
C Topic: Concept 31.3
Application/Analysis 40) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed. C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
C Topic: Concept 31.5
Application/Analysis 43) Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? A) They are currently classified among the ascomycetes. B) They do not form heterokaryons. C) Their spores are probably produced by mitosis. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
C Topic: Concept 31.5
Application/Analysis 41) Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) pathogens B) endosymbioses C) endophytes D) lichens E) mycorrhizae
C Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 48) Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack? A) by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed B) by providing the seeds with water and minerals C) by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed D) by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed
C Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. E) Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.
C Topic: Concept 31.5
Knowledge/Comprehension 45) A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? A) basidiospores B) spores of ectomycorrhizae C) soredia D) yeasts E) leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)
C Topic: Concept 31.5
Application/Analysis 50) Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
C Topic: Concepts 26.1, 31.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 19) If it were possible to conduct sophisticated microscopic and chemical analyses of microfossils found in 3.2-billion-year-old stromatolites, then one should be surprised to observe evidence of which of the following within such microfossils? I. double-stranded DNA II. a nuclear envelope III. a nucleoid IV. a nucleolus V. ribosomes A) II only B) III only C) II and IV D) II, III, and IV E) all five of these
C Topic: Concepts 6.2, 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 58) Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? A) habitat isolation B) temporal isolation C) behavioral isolation D) gametic isolation E) postzygotic barriers
C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 85) Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) formation of resistant zygosporangia E) parasitic lifestyle
C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 59) According to the punctuated equilibria model, A) natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. B) given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. C) most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. D) most evolution occurs in sympatric populations. E) speciation is usually due to a single mutation.
C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Application/Analysis 69) Which of the following microsporidian features are shared with many other fungi? 1. chitinous cell wall 2. two haploid nuclei per cell 3. polar filament 4. chemoheterotrophy A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 4 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4
D Topic: Concepts 31.1, 31.2, 31.3
Application/Analysis 6) You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A) biological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) morphological
D Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 7) Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? A) reduced hybrid fertility B) hybrid breakdown C) mechanical isolation D) habitat isolation E) gametic isolation
D Topic: Concept 24.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 2) What is true of the flightless cormorants of the Galápagos Islands? A) They are descendants of the same common ancestor that gave rise to the unique finches of these islands. B) They are close relatives of flightless cormorants from the Americas. C) If they are still able to breed successfully with flying cormorants, it would probably be with North American cormorants, rather than with South American cormorants. D) Flightless cormorants on one island have restricted gene flow with those on other islands, which could someday lead to a macroevolutionary event. E) Their DNA has low levels of sequence homology with the DNA of flying American cormorants.
D Topic: Concept 24.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 5) There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) morphological D) biological
D Topic: Concept 24.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 11) When male horses (stallions) and female donkeys (jennets) mate, they produce a sterile hybrid called a hinny. Hinnies occur much less frequently than do mules, but are just as healthy and robust as mules. Logically, which of the following best accounts for the relative rarity of hinnies, and what kind of prezygotic isolating mechanism is at work here? A) Most hinnies die during fetal development; reduced hybrid viability. B) Most hinnies die soon after being born; hybrid breakdown. C) Most hinnies are reproductively sterile; reduced hybrid fertility. D) Stallions and jennets are choosier about their mating partners than are mares and jacks; behavioral isolation. E) Stallions and jennets are choosier about their mating partners than are mares and jacks; gametic isolation.
D Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 53) Which habitats should harbor snapping shrimp species with the greatest degree of genetic divergence from each other? A) A1 and A5 B) A1 and B5 C) B5 and B1 D) A5 and B5 E) Both A1/A5 and B1/B5 should have the greatest, but equal amounts of, genetic divergence.
D Topic: Concept 24.2
Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. sexual selection 4. polyploidy A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4
D Topic: Concept 24.2
15) An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to A) generate intense lightning storms. B) change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing. C) make it easier to maintain reduced molecules. D) cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize). E) prevent the formation of an ozone layer.
D Topic: Concept 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 21) The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of A) golden algae. B) diatoms. C) dinoflagellates. D) green algae. E) brown algae.
D Topic: Concept 28.5
1) The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to A) lignin. B) cellulose. C) secondary compounds. D) sporopollenin.
D Topic: Concept 29.1
Application/Analysis 13) Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners 4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1, 2, and 3 E) 1, 2, and 4
D Topic: Concept 29.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) sources of water B) sperm transfer C) desiccation D) animal predation E) absorbing enough light
D Topic: Concept 29.1
Application/Analysis 4) Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. C) Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. E) They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.
D Topic: Concept 31.1
Application/Analysis 6) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. C) Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. E) Both groups have cell walls.
D Topic: Concept 31.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 9) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
D Topic: Concept 31.1
Application/Analysis 20) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal
D Topic: Concept 31.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 37) In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) fixed nitrogen C) antibiotics D) water and minerals E) protection from harmful UV
D Topic: Concept 31.5
Synthesis/Evaluation 82) Say S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions that make sense on the basis of this information? 1. S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes. 2. S. schenkii should be reclassified. 3. S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage. 4. The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species. 5. S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick. A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 5 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 5 E) 4 and 5
D Topic: Concept 31.5
Synthesis/Evaluation 41) If a speciation event occurred on Sao Tomé, producing D. santomea from a parent colony of D. yakuba, then which terms apply? I. macroevolution II allopatric speciation III. sympatric speciation A) I only B) II only C) I and II D) I and III
D Topic: Concepts 24.1, 24.2
Application/Analysis 51) Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
D Topic: Concepts 26.1, 31.3
Application/Analysis 62) Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be A) 12. B) 14. C) 16. D) 28. E) 56.
D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension End-of-Chapter Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter "Test Your Understanding" section in Chapter 28 of the textbook. 72) Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of A) evolution from mitochondria. B) fusion of plastids. C) origin of the plastids from archaea. D) secondary endosymbiosis. E) budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope.
D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 86) Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A) ascospores B) basidiospores C) zygosporangia D) conidiophores E) ascocarps
D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Application/Analysis 12) Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? A) ecological and morphological B) ecological and phylogenetic C) morphological and phylogenetic D) biological and morphological E) biological and phylogenetic
E Topic: Concept 24.1
Application/Analysis 52) Which of these habitats is likely to harbor the youngest species? A) A5 B) B4 C) A3 D) B2 E) A1
E Topic: Concept 24.2
Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes? A) Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei. B) The meteorites that have struck Earth contain fossils only of prokaryotes. C) Laboratory experiments have produced liposomes abiotically. D) Liposomes closely resemble prokaryotic cells. E) The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.
E Topic: Concept 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 17) What is true of the Cambrian explosion? A) There are no fossils in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian explosion. B) Only the fossils of microorganisms are found in geological strata older than the Cambrian explosion. C) The Cambrian explosion is evidence for the instantaneous creation of life on Earth. D) The Cambrian explosion marks the appearance of filter-feeding animals in the fossil record. E) Recent evidence supports the contention that the Cambrian explosion may not have been as "explosive" as was once thought.
E Topic: Concept 25.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 4) On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant? A) alternation of generations B) sporopollenin C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) flagellated sperm E) embryos
E Topic: Concept 29.1
1) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e., have an amine group attached) molecules of β-glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
E Topic: Concept 31.1
Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi? A) presence of flagella B) zoospores C) autotrophic mode of nutrition D) cell walls of cellulose E) nucleotide sequences of several genes
E Topic: Concept 31.3
Knowledge/Comprehension 36) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
E Topic: Concept 31.5
Synthesis/Evaluation 35) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as A) antibodies. B) aflatoxins. C) hallucinogens. D) antigens. E) antibiotics.
E Topic: Concept 31.5
Synthesis/Evaluation The next few questions refer to the following description. On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. 45) Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros? 1. improved gene flow 2. bottleneck effect 3. sexual selection 4. founder effect 5. natural selection A) 1 and 3 B) 2 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5
E Topic: Concepts 23.3, 24.2
Knowledge/Comprehension 16) In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood, then over time which of these should occur, if the host mammal can be considered as the fleas' habitat? 1. reproductive isolation 2. sympatric speciation 3. habitat isolation 4. prezygotic barriers A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1 through 4
E Topic: Concepts 24.1, 24.2
Application/Analysis 61) Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? A) A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population. B) The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. C) The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. D) Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations. E) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.
E Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Application/Analysis 63) Suppose that a group of male pied flycatchers migrated from a region where there were no collared flycatchers to a region where both species were present. Assuming events like this are very rare, which of the following scenarios is least likely? A) The frequency of hybrid offspring would increase. B) Migrant pied males would produce fewer offspring than would resident pied males. C) Pied females would rarely mate with collared males. D) Migrant males would mate with collared females more often than with pied females. E) The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease.
E Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 89) The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. B) avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. C) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. D) the increased probability of contact between different mating types. E) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.
E Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
Knowledge/Comprehension 71) Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia? A) The species have become separated by convergent evolution. B) The climates of the two regions are similar. C) India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia. D) Life in India was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions. E) India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.
E Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions
