BIO 202: Endocrine system 1

Two Types of Hormones: _______________ Based & ______________ 1. Amino-acid based hormones are made up of amino acids in short and long _______ ranging from amines to peptides to ________. a. They are hydrophilic (_________); so they are soluble in ______. b. They ___________ penetrate the cell membrane. c. They must bind to a ___________ on the cell membrane. d. This initiates a chain of __________ on the ________ of the cell. e. _______ initiate the production of a chemical ______ messenger. f. Within seconds or minutes, this initiates the reactions that alter the cell ___________ which could include: mitosis/meiosis/enzyme & secretion production & release/permeability change g. One hormone molecule can lead to the formation of hundreds of second messengers which can lead to the activation or inhibition of thousands of molecules that produce the cellular changes. This is called ___________________.

Amino acid; steroid chains; protein proteins water-loving; water cannot receptor reactions; inside enzymes; second processess amplification

B. Anterior pituitary (is referred to as _____________________________) 1. is composed of _________________ tissue (adeno means gland) 2. is also referred to as the ______ endocrine gland because it secretes _____________ hormones that control other endocrine glands 3. communicates with the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal ___________________ system (a vascular connection) a. A portal system involves one ________ bed feeding into _____ which feed into another _____________ bed b. One capillary bed receives __________ from the hypothalamus and the other capillary bed is in the _________ pituitary gland. (1) ____________ hormones cause the anterior pituitary to release its hormones. (2) ____________ hormones cause the anterior pituitary to stop releasing its hormones.

adenohypophysis glandular master; tropic portal capillary; veins; capillary hormones; anterior releasing inhibiting

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (peptide) a. anti means _____________; diuresis means _______ formation b. helps regulate ___________ balance by causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urine and return it to the bloodsteam when body water needs to be ____________ c. in other words, it makes the urine more _______________ d. is released in response to hypothalamus ____________________ (1) monitor the ______ of the blood/ECF - ↑ osmotic pressure (2) ________________ causes an ↑ in saltiness due to ↓ water (3) dehydration results in an ↑ in ADH secretion (& ________) e. is also released in response to aortic arch __________________ stimulated by low blood pressure (____________________) f. Other stimuli that trigger ADH release include pain, ___________, barbiturates, and morphine. g. Alcohol ___________ ADH increasing urine output creating thirst.

against; urine water; conserved concentrated osmoreceptors saltiness dehydration thirst baroreceptors hypotension nicotine inhibits

slows postpartum ____________________ f. is the hormonal trigger for milk ejection (___________) in breasts that are producing milk in response to prolactin g. triggers smooth muscle around mammary glands to __________ h. suckling stimulates the release of oxytocin & PRL in a ____________________ feedback loop i. New studies reveal that in males and nonlactating, nonpregnant women, oxytocin may play a role in __________ arousal and orgasm. j. In nonsexual relationships, it may promote ___________ and affectionate behavior (may act as a "cuddle hormone").

bleeding letdown contract postive sexual nuturing

a. long term effects include stimulating the liver, muscle, & ___ to produce a hormone called ______-like growth factor (IGF) which: (1) stimulates glucose ______ by cells (_________ blood sugar) (2) stimulates _______ synthesis (__________ muscle mass) (3) stimulates cell _____________ (growth of all body cells -longitudinal bone growth) b. is regulated by hypothalamic ________________________ (1) Growth hormone releasing hormone (_____) - stimulates release of GH by anterior pituitary (2) Somato_______ - inhibits release of GH by anterior pituitary c. Hypersecretion-too _____ GH is released (usually due to a tumor) (1) children - ______________: abnormally tall; enlarged heart (2) adults - ____________: thickening of face, hands, feet g. Hyposecretion-not __________ GH is released (1) children - __________: abnormally short/normal proportions (2) adults- no problem

bone; insulin uptake; decrease protein; increase division neurohormones GHRH statin much gigantism acromeagly enough dwarfism

Steroid hormones are derived from _________________. a. They include the _____________ and ______________ hormones. b. They are hydro_____; so they are ____-soluble; ___water-soluble. c. They must bind to a ______________ to move through the blood. d. They _____ penetrate the cell membrane. e. They _______ through the cell membrane and bind to a _______. f. The hormone-receptor ________ enters the nucleus. g. This turns on a __________ in the nucleus by binding to DNA. h. Transcription occurs - DNA makes ______ that leaves the nucleus. i. A ribosome reads the mRNA (______________) to make a protein. j. The protein triggers the cell _______________. k. There is ___ amplification with steroid hormones; so a greater amount of ________ is needed for a greater response to occur. l. It may take _______ or _______ before the response occurs.

cholesterol gonadal; adrenocortical phobic; lipid; not can diffuse; receptor complex gene RNA translation response no; hormone hours; days

Cell-to-Cell Signaling In order for feedback mechanisms to work and in order for cooperation between cells, tissues, organs, and systems to occur, ________________ must take place. There are five main ways in which communication can take place: 1. neurocrine - _________ (nerve cells) release chemical messengers into the __________ fluid (ECF) to stimulate other cells; examples are _________________ like acetylcholine (ACh); must bind to specific receptors on target cells (other neurons or tissue cells) 2. neuroendocrine - _______ release chemical messengers into the ____________ to stimulate other target cells; examples are _________________ like growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) which the hypothalamus (brain) releases to stimulate the pituitary gland to release its growth hormones 3. endocrine - ______ cells release chemical messengers into the __________ to stimulate other target cells; examples are ________ like insulin and growth hormones 4. paracrine - _____ release chemical messengers called _____ hormones into the ___ to stimulate nearby _____ cells; examples are prostaglandins which are important for inflammation/immune reactions 5. autocrine - _____ release chemical messengers called _____hormones into the ____ to stimulate _______; an example is nitric oxide - a vasodilator

communication neural/neurons neurotransmitters neurons bloodstream neurohormones glandular; bloodstream; hormones cells; chemical; ECF; hormones cells; local; ECF; target cells; local; ECF; itself

The Endocrine System Overview A. Functions of the endocrine system: 1. It is the body's second greatest ________ & communication system. 2. It interacts with the body's greatest control system - the ________ system - to coordinate cell-to-cell signaling and cell activities. B. Similarities between the endocrine and the nervous systems: 1. They maintain nearly every aspect of ______________ (electrolyte, water, nutrient, and energy balance, blood pressure) as well as other functions (sleep, reproduction, growth & development, defense/immunity, metabolism) 2. They use _____________ to communicate with other cells. a. The nervous system uses ________-distance signals called neurotransmitters which are released into the _________ fluid. b. The endocrine system uses ______-distance hormones which are released into the ____________________.

control nervous homeostasis chemicals short interstitial long; bloodstream

h. _____________ drugs inhibit ADH secretion-↑ dilute urine (1) allows the body to get rid of ______________ (2) are used to manage ________ (swelling) and __________ i. If a large amount of ADH is released, it causes _______________. (1) Constricting the blood vessels causes blood pressure to _____. Lots of ADH is released when blood volume's __. (2) For this reason, ADH is also referred to as ____________. j. Hyposecretion of ADH - inconvenient; rarely a problem (1) diabetes ____________-tasteless overflow (2) excess urine production but it lacks __________ k. Hypersecretion of ADH (1) results in fluid retention, brain edema, weight _____ (2) management involves fluid & __________ restriction

diuretics water edema; hypertension vasoconstriction rise; low vasopressin insipidus sugar gain sodium

A. The study of endocrine organs/glands and hormones is called _______________. B. Endocrine organs/glands 1. are made of _________ epithelial cells whose secretions are called ________ 2. are ________ and scattered throughout the body 3. are ____________ - release hormones directly into the blood (__________ have ducts to release secretions into cavities & onto surfaces) a. include _______ (pure) endocrine glands which have ____ endocrine __________: thyroid, parathyroid, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, and pineal b. include _________ endocrine glands which have endocrine functions as well as ______ functions: pancreas, ovaries, testes, heart, kidney (1) Neuroendocrine organs are secondary endocrine organs which consist of ___________ tissue. (2) They secrete hormones referred to as __________________. (3) The ____________ and adrenal medulla are examples of neuroendocrine organs.

endocrinology glandular; hormones small ductless exocrine primary only; functions secondary; other nervous neurohormones hypothalamus

5. Follicle-stimulating hormone-FSH (glycoprotein) a. is produced by gonadotrophs b. is a ________________ hormone-acts on the gonads-___ organs c. stimulates the release of ___________ and ____________ which stimulate the gonads (ovaries and testes) to ______ and begin sex cell (_________________________) production d. is regulated by the hypothalamic neurohormone known as gonadotropic releasing hormone (___________) 6. Lutenizing hormone-LH (glycoprotein) a. is produced by gonadotrophs; is a ______________ hormone b. in males, it is called Interstitial-Cell Stimulating hormone-_____ c. stimulates the production of ______________________ (1) testosterone (androgens) in ______________ (2) estrogen and progesterone in _______________ (3) _____________ in males and females d. also triggers __________________ in females e. is regulated by the hypothalamic neurohormone known as gonadotropic releasing hormone (_____________) f. Hyposecretion-_______ and Hypersecretion-multiple _______

gonadotropic; sex estrogen; testoterone; mature; egg and sperm GnRH gonadotrophic ISCH sex hormones males females inhibin ovulation GnRH sterility; ovulation

This diagram is a summary of how the growth hormone works. The ___________ releases _______ (growth hormone releasing hormone). This goes to the _________ ____________ via the hypophyseal ________ system and tells the anterior pituitary to release ________ hormone into the blood stream. The growth hormone tells its _____ cells (liver, pancreas, bones, muscles, most body cells) to increase _________....break down ______________ to increase blood glucose for energy...break down ____....build up cartilage, bone, and muscle (_______) so the body grows (turning baby fat into muscle-children going through growth spurts are referred to as "losing their baby fat"). As the building occurs, blood glucose ________. As the levels of the growth hormone go up, the hypothalamus releases _______ (growth hormone inhibiting hormone also known as somatostatin-soma means ______, stasis means to block or ________) this stops the anterior pituitary from releasing the growth hormone and growth stops. This is _____________ feedback again. This is why we go through periods of growth (growth ___________) and periods of non-growth.

hypothalamus GHRH anterior pituitary portal growth target metabolism carbohydrates fat protein decreases GHIH body inhibit negative spurts

C. Major differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system: 1. The neurons of the nervous system directly affect their target cells through the release of neurotransmitters that have almost __________, but _____- lived effects. 2. The endocrine gland cells do not come into close contact with their target cells. Their hormones travel in the bloodstream to reach the targets. This could take _____, minutes, hours, or even days to elicit an effect. However, the effects are usually ______- lasting than the nervous system effects.

immediate; short seconds longer

A. Intermediate Pituitary 1. is called the pars ______________ 2. is _____________ the anterior and posterior pituitary 3. is present in _______ and ___________; absent in adults 4. produces and secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (________) 5. stimulates melanocytes in _______ and _______ to produce melanin

intermedia between fetus; infants MSH skin; hair

Generally speaking, hormone secretion is ______ regulated by _______ feedback loops. a. There is a physiological change (_______) that causes a variable to deviate from its normal range (increase or decrease). b. This stimulus is received and a _________ is released to trigger a response to bring the variable back within its normal homeostatic range. c. The negative feedback loop counteracts or _________ the initial change. 4. Hormone secretion is also regulated by ________ feedback loops in which the initial stimulus is reinforced.

mainly; negative stimulus hormone opposes positive

Hormones A. Hormones are chemical __________ that are released into the bloodstream by the hormone __________ cells of the endocrine gland. 1. The cells that respond to a particular hormone are called _______ cells. 2. Each target cell has ___________ - sites where the hormone binds. 3. Hormones produce ___________ in the target cell which include: a. stimulating mitosis & meiosis - cell division for _____ & ___________ b. changing its plasma membrane ___________ to allow substances to enter or leave (_____ causes body cells to open their sugar channels to allow blood sugar to decrease as sugar enters the body cells; _________ causes body cells to break down glycogen into sugar and release that sugar into the blood so that blood sugar will increase) a. activating or deactivating __________; ______/secretion production b. inducing the release of ___________ including other hormones

messengers; producing target receptors changes growth; reproduction permeability; insulin; glucagon enzymes; protein secretions

2. Prolactin-PRL (protein hormone) a. promotes ______ production-lactation after childbirth and during breastfeeding; is produced by lactotrophs b. is regulated by hypothalamic __________________ (1) Prolactin releasing hormone - ____ - which is released in response to high _______ levels at the end of pregnancy and the __________ of the nipple by the infant after childbirth (2) Prolactin-inhibiting factor (________) - inhibits the release of prolactin by the anterior pituitary; suckling __________ the release of dopamine; stop suckling and dopamine levels ____ inhibiting the release of prolactin and stopping milk production ______________ of prolactin-inappropriate lactation (making milk when not pregnant or nursing) b. _____________ of prolactin-only a problem if nursing - no milk

milk neurohormones PRH; estrogen; suckling dopamine; decreases; rise hypersecretion hyposecretion

Even though the endocrine glands release hormones by feedback loops, the nervous system can _______ their activities. For example, insulin is a hormone that normally keeps the blood sugar levels constant by ________ blood sugar when blood sugar levels rise. However, during periods of ______, the body cells need more sugar so the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus cause blood sugar levels to ___ by telling the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine. When 2 different hormones that act on the same target with __________ effects, the hormones are said to have ________ effects. Therefore, in the previous example, insulin and epinephrine would be antagonists. 9. When 2 different hormones act on the same target with the ____ effect, the hormones are said to have ________ effects. The antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone both act on the kidneys to _______ urine output.

modify decreasing stress rise opposite antagonistic same synergistic decrease

10. Cells themselves can regulate how they interact with hormones by producing ________ receptors when hormone levels rise. This is called ___-regulation. An example is when during late pregnancy, progesterone/estrogen tells the uterus to produce more oxytocin receptors in preparation for the surge of oxytocin that will occur during childbirth. A hormone that increases receptors for another hormone is ____________. 11. However, they can also reduce the number of receptors (_______-regulation) when they are exposed to the same hormone for long periods of time. An example is when adipocytes (fat storing cells) reduce the number of receptors for insulin when they are exposed to high concentrations of ______ for a long period of time. This can lead to high blood sugar levels and type II diabetes. Both up- and down-regulation mechanisms allow cells to have tight ___________ over how they interact with hormones.

more up permissive down insulin control

C. Posterior pituitary (is referred to as the ______________________) 1. is composed of _______ tissue and is actually a part of the brain 2. does ___ make its own hormones 3. _________ & releases neurohormones produced by the ________________ 4. connects to the hypothalamus via a _______ bundle in the infundibulum called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal __________

neurohypophysis nervous not stores; hypothalamus nerve; tract

Major hormones of the posterior pituitary: OT, ADH 1. Oxytocin (OT) (peptide) a. is made by the ___________ of the hypothalamus b. is stored in the axon ________ of the posterior pituitary gland and is released when the hypothalamus neurons ___ telling the posterior pituitary to release it into the bloodstream c. stimulates the uterus muscle to ___________ during labor d. works on a _____________ feedback loop (1) baby drops and presses on pressure ___________ (2) pressure receptors send message to _____________ (3) hypothalamus tells p. pituitary to release ____________ (4) oxytocin tells uterus muscle to _______________ (5) contractions _________ baby farther down (6) triggers more receptors-more oxytocin is sent -more contractions-more pressure-more oxytocin, etc Note: Synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin) is used to _________ labor.

neurons terminals; fire contract positive receptors hypothalamus oxytocin contract push induce

D. Major hormones of the anterior pituitary:GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH (ICSH) 1. Growth hormone-GH (protein hormone) a. is made and secreted by somatotrophs b. is released periodically throughout the day peaking at _________ c. short term direct effects include: (1) lipolysis - brea down ______ in adipose (2) gluconeogenesis - breakdown _______ & _____ to produce "new" sugar (neo - ___; genesis - _____; gluco - ______) (3) glycogenolysis - breakdown _______ in liver to make sugar (4) ___________ uptake of sugar by muscles Note: All three of these _______ blood sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids in blood so they can be used for fuel and raw materials for _____

night fat protein; fat new; make; sugar glycogen inhibit increase; growth

Once hormones have completed their job, they must be turned _____ (feedback mechanisms can do this). Then, the already-released hormones must be __________. Most hormones are taken up by the ______ and kidneys where they are broken down and excreted as ______ and urine. Some are broken down by their ________ organs. Hormones bound to transport proteins (carriers) are removed more _______ than the free hormones. The rate of hormone removal is called metabolic ________ rate (MCR). The length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood is called the ___________. The growth hormone, a free hormone, has a half-life of 6-20 minutes. Thyroxine, a bound hormone, has a half-life of 2 weeks.

off removed liver bile target slowly clearance half-life

. Hormone Regulation 1. Hormones are __________. They have specific functions and targets. 2. Hormones are ______ secreted continuously. 3. Their levels are ________________ controlled as they are needed. 4. Hormones are released in response to 3 main types of ____________. a. _____________-changing blood levels of certain ____ or ______ tell the gland to release its hormone Example: a decrease in blood calcium causes the parathyroid gland to release PTH b. ________-____ fibers stimulate the gland to release the hormone Example: sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tells medulla of adrenal gland to release catecholamines (epinephrine) c. ________-one ________ tells a gland to release another hormone For example: the hypothalamus releases a hormone that tells the pituitary gland when to release its hormones

specific NOT individually stimuli humoral; ions; nutrients neural; nerve hormonal; hormone

1. The human body is an organism made up of organ-____________. 1. Systems are made up of ________ which are made up of ______ which are made up of ____ which work together cooperatively and interdependently to maintain ___________________ using negative and positive ________ mechanisms (loops).

systems organ; tissues; cells; homeostasis; feedback

Thyroid-stimulating hormone-TSH (glycoprotein) a. is also called _________; is made and secreted by thyrotrophs b. is a _____ hormone - acts on another endocrine gland c. stimulates the _________ gland to develop and to make thyroid hormone (______) d. is regulated by hypothalamic _________________ (1) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (____) stimulates its release. (2) Somatostatin (______) inhibits its release. 4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-ACTH (polypeptide) a. is also called __________; is made & secreted by corticotrophs b. is a _________ hormone-acts on another endocrine gland c. stimulates adrenal ______ (outer part of cortex) to develop and to make and release its hormones d. is regulated by the hypothalamic neurohormone known as ____ - corticotropin-releasing hormone

thyrotropin tropic thyroid TH neurohormones TRH GHIH corticotropin tropic cortex CRH

III. Pineal A. is a pinecone-shaped gland; hangs from the back of the roof of the third ______ B. contains clumps of _______ salts that are opaque to X-rays making it a landmark C. secretes __________, an amine hormone derived from _______________ 1. regulates our biological ____; rises & falls in circadian (24 hr) cycle 2. peaks at the ________ (drowsy); falls during the day (alert) 3. is released in response to the intensity & duration of __________ 4. exposure to ________ light can result in its suppression and affect sleep and mood; SAD (seasonal affective disorder) 5. may play a role in _________ precocious (too early) sexual maturity IV. Pituitary A. Characteristics 1. is referred to as the _______________, which means "to grow under" 2. is seated securely in the _____________ of the sphenoid bone 3. hangs from the hypothalamus by a stalk - the _____________ 4. is composed of two lobes: __________ and _________pituitary (connected by small intermediate lobe)

ventricle calcium melatonin serotonin clock night sunlight bright inhibiting hypophysis sella turcica infundibulum anterior posterior