bio 205 exam 2

_____ instruments require_____.

??

H. pylori survives in gastric mucosa. It is described as a mesophilic microaerophile that grows best in an acidophilic environment.

Grows at 37°C, requiring low 02 at pH 2.

____ are phenolics found in low level disinfectants and antiseptics and soap products

OPhenylPhenol (in lysol), triclosan, chlorohexidine, chloroxylenol and thymol

_____ can detect very small numbers of microbe genes , like HIV, from a sample

PCR

which genetic detection method can identify a gene from a microbe and produce billions of copies of that gene.

PCR with primer

Cycles of heating liquids below boiling and rapidly cooling them is termed ____ and kills ____ microbes.

Pasteurizing, common

Compare the applications (how they are used) of UV and electron accelerator beam radiation.

UV can only be used in surface and some air and water. it doesn't penetrate in physical materials. no radioactive residue produced. electron beam accelerator is used for the penetration of large loads such food and medical supplies. it uses shorter exposure time and theres no residual radiation

gastrointestinal viruses such as Norovirus and Polio, and bacteria such as Salmonella and Helicobacter can tolerate and proliferate in a ___ pH enviroment

acidophilic

high temperature autoclaving is used to kill and inactivate

all answers are correct viruses and prions, bacterial cells and spores and AFB

bacteria that require sulfur or nitrogen for respiration are obligate ____ and those that require oxygen are obligate _____.

anaerobes, aerobes

clostridium bacteria are ____ requiring ____ to make ATP.

anaerobic, N or S

immunologic I.D of microbes uses antibodies for a agglutination reaction

antibodies, agglutination

a viral infection cycle begins with ___ and then can become non-detectable in the ___ phase.

assimlation, eclipse

Which of the following physical methods effectively kills endospores and AFB?

autoclaving

Iodophors are iodine containing compounds such as _____ that are ____level disinfectants.

betadine and povidone, intermediate

Carbohydrate metabolism is used in __ methods of I.D. and chromosomes are used in __ methods of I.D. in microbes.

biochemical, genetic

a large number of bacterial cells attached by Glycocalyx is a biofilm and a colony formed from one cell is CFU.

biofilm, CFU

In immunologic testing, what are the blood proteins used to identify microbes and what is the term used for the protein binding in a positive match.

blood proteins used to identify microbes are antibodies. the term used for the protein binding in a positive match is agglutination or antibody precipitation reaction

Compare the microbes that are killed with autoclaving (steam sterilizing) and boiling.

boiling can kill in 1 minute most common microbes but is ineffective against prions and many bacterial and fungal spores 100 degree celcius is boiling at low pressure and autoclaving can denatures and destroy nucleic acids and proteins. is a kind of pressure cooker under very high heated and pressure water that kill any organism inside the chamber. uses 121-134 degree celcius for 15-30 mins to do its job.

E. coli is a commensal parasitic facultative anaerobe that can be grown in vitro. choose the response that best fits the statement about e. coli

can grow in a host or test tube, woth or without air

Food and pharmaceutical preservatives are compounds that have a ___effect on most microbes.

cidal

A CFU is a ___ that is produced from _____.

colony, one or a few cells

normal resident microbes are usually commensal and can become pathogenic in a compromised host.

commensal, pathogenic

Medical and dental equipment and supplies that used in contact with skin are considered:

critical

instruments used to penetrate soft tissues or bone, or enter into or contact the bloodstream or other normally sterile tissue, must be sterilized after each used are considered ____.

critical

waste products are at a much greater concentration than nutrient availability in the death phase of bacterial growth. fission is greatest in log phase.

death, log

____ is a damage to molecular structure of proteins and nucleic acids, chemical bods are broken

denaturation

The Kirby-Bauer test measures ___to antibiotics and MIC measures _ for antibiotics.

effective dose, sensitivity

Which form of radiation is commonly used as an effective means of sterilizing the medical supplies shown.

electron accelerator

choose the list of microbes from least resistant to most resistant to desinfectant

enveloped viruses, G+'s, AFB, endospores

Some resistant bacteria use __that metabolize antibacterials in the cell.

enzymes

in bacteria and fungi. nutrient breakdown occurs _____.

extracellularly

E coli can utilize respiration or fermentation and therefore is __ for ATP production.

facultative

most bacteria use carbohydrates as part of their nutritional requirements. e. coli can utilize glucose and lactose as a carbohydrate and is facultative for sugar metabolism. salmonella can only utilize glucose as a carbohydrate and is obligate for sugar metabolism.

facultative, obligate

which method of genetic I.D uses the matching of DNA fragment patterns?

fingerprinting

which group of diagnostic testing methods does not provide titer?

genetic, immunologic, metabolic?????

choose the response that best fits the statement about e. coli e. coli is a mesophilic facultative anaerobe that grows best in a neutrophilic enviroment

grows a 37 C, with or without air, at pH 7

in a room where a patient with clostridium infection has been housed, what level of disinfectant would control the endospores on the furniture an equipment?

high

disinfectants that are shown as having tuberculocidal and sporicidal activity are consired

high level

Compare the antimicrobial activity (microbes that are killed) of high level and intermediate level disinfectants.

high level disinfectant are potent killing agents labeled tuberculocidal and sporocidal because sterilants can kill or inactivate anything. is used on critical and semi-critical instruments and intermediate level disinfectant are diluted high level chemicals, is labeled tuberculocidal and some sporocidal and is used on semi and non-critical instruments

genetic probes can identify matching microbe genes by __ .

hybridization

List any two of the three genetic methods from lecture to identify a microbe.

hybridization and fingerprinting

which osmotic condition inhibits microbial metabolism and reproduction and kills many common microbes

hypertonic

viruses can only be reproduced in vivo since they are obligate intracellular parasites.

in vivo, obligate

_____is an example of patients using old expired antibiotics for infections that lead to the proliferation of the infectious strain.

inappropriate use

iodophors and alcohol are examples of ___ level disinfectants killing common microbes and AFB

intermediate

the initial phase of bacterial colony growth is the ____ phase. during the ___ phase of colony growth. nutrients approximately equal waste products.

lag, stationary

Antivirals are____selective since they____

less, block normal cell activities

Critical instruments require and ___are used to reduce microbes on living tissue.

ligh-level disinfectants, antiseptics

Helycobacter pylori can survive ___ and produce___ .

low pH, ulcers

microaerophilic bacteria such as streptococci require _____ O2 and ____ CO2

low, high

biochemical I.D of microbes uses media for a metabolic reaction

media, metabolic

Bacteria that utilize _, remove or block entry of antibacterials from the bacterial cell.

membrane pumps

which optimal growth temperature range applies to commensal bacteria such as e. coli and staphylococcus?

mesophiles

Which diagnostic testing method does not provide titer?

metabolic

which group of diagnostic testing methods requires living microbes?

metabolic

Describe the effects denaturation has on microbes. Be specific.

microbes molecular shape of proteins and nucleic acids is changed and function is lost damaging and killing the organism

antioxidants such as sorbic, benzoic, propionic, lactic, acetic, ascorbic are___ chemicals used in food and pharmaceuticals

microbiostatic

Antibacterials that affect one group of bacteria are considered ____and antibacterials that affect more than one group of bacteria are ___

narrow, broad

Which of the following is not a cause of the proliferation of drug resistant microbes.

new drug development

Low level disinfectants have ___ antimicrobial activity.

no tuberculocidal and sporocidal

disinfectants that rapidly degrade or are evaporated such as alcohols and bleach are considered ___.

non-residual

bacteria that require oxygen to make ATP are ______ and bacteria that prefer oxygen but can make ATP without it are ______.

obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes

which of the following methods are used for heat sensitive beverages?

pasteurization

Antimicrobial chemotherapeutics such as penicillins, cephalosporins and vancomycins block__. in the bacterial cell.

peptidoglycan in the cell wall

PCR uses ____ to _____ genes in a microbe.

primers, amplify or make copies

a microarray is a small film with thousands of different DNA or RNA __ separated on spots requiring ___ amounts of sample.

probes, small

Antibacterial chemotherapeutics are selectively toxic affecting mostly:

prokaryotic cells

which method of immunologic I.D does not give microbe titer in the result?

rapid direct

choose the test tube with facultative anaerobic bacteria growth

right side tube

instruments that do not penetrates soft tissues or bone but contact mucous membranes or non-intact skin are considered____.

semi-critical

refrigeration ___ in microbes

slow metabolism and growth

soaps, detergents and metals are least effective and killing microbes and acids, oxides and aldehydes are most effective and killing microbes

soaps, detergents and metals; acid, oxides, and aldehydes

Chlorine, peroxide and ethylene oxide gases are all examples of:

sterilants

______ is the total destruction of all microbes, toxins and genetic material

sterilization

UV radiation is an effective means of disinfecting and sterilizing ___ .

surfaces and air

List the two main immunologic methods to identify a microbe.

the rapid test and test called ELISA

Antimicrobial chemotherapeutics such as tetracyclines, streptomycins, clindamycins block ____ in the bacterial cell.

transcription or translation during protein synthesis

most bacteria found in humans are mesophilic and neutrophilic

true

Intermidiate level disinfectant can be used on semi and non-critical instruments and are labeled

tuberculocidal

______ activity is the ability to kill AFB not endospores

tuberculocidal

List two mechanisms that bacteria use to resist antimicrobial chemotherapeutics.

two mechanisms that bacteria use to resist antimicrobial chemotherapeutics are bacterial enzymes that break down the drug before it affects the bacteria and bacterial membrane pumps thats moves drug out of the bacteria before it affects it

PCR is a technique to identify genes from microbes. What does PCR use to accomplish this and what is the PCR product?

uses a matching primer. a unique sequence of DNA or RNA. it produces many copies if the microbe DNA or RNA is matched. microbe titer can be determined.