Bio 205 final review

true or false ABX resistance genes are stored between bacteria through "vertical" gene transfer

false (horizontal)

true or false antigenic "drift" involves 2 or more viruses exchanging genetic information

false (shift)

___ is not a common protozoal disease in the U.S.

filariasis

the mesophilic organism Helicobacter pylori is responsible for?

gastric ulcers

list the correct order of organism's scientific name of E. coli O157:H7

genus, species, strain

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes that have a ____ and a cell wall

nucleoid

a microbe that grows only at the top of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n) ___

obligate aerobe

a microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n)

obligate anaerobe

Microaerophiles are microbes that grow best at low

oxygen levels

which of the following is NOT targeted by antifungals?

peptidoglycan cell wall

picornavirus is named for its?

physical properties

which of the following is Not a physical method of control?

preservation

transcription and translation of viral genes during the "synthesis and assembly" step are in the formation of?

proteins; spikes proteins; core enzymes/proteins

most packaged disposable plastic medial supplies are sterilized by __ to avoid damage to the plastic

radiation

fluoride are iodine are ____ chemicals

residual

bacteria can use ____ to transfer genes (DNA) to another bacterium

sex pili

the glycocalyx is the layer external to the bacterial cell wall. the 2 forms of glycocalyx are ___ and ____

slime layer; capsule

complex bacteriophage viruses have ____ ___ and release from bacterial cells by ___

tail fibers; lysis

microbes growing in hot springs are generally?

thermophiles

during ___, bacteria take up naked DNA from a dead donor bacterial cell

transformation

during ___, mRNA is converted into protein

translation

during ___, DNA is converted into mRNA

trascription

phenolics is what type of chemical

tricloson

True or false random mutations contribute to genetic variation in microbes

true

true of false surfactants found in hand soap have hydrophobic and hydrophilic structure similar to phospholipid. surfactants are effective at removing microbes from surfaces due to their ability to disrupt cell membranes, especially when combined with mechanical friction (rubbing)

true

true or false RNA viruses evolve rapidly due to high mutations rates during replication

true

true or false if antigenic shift occurs, most people may have little or no immunity against the virus

true

true or false inappropriate use of chemotherapeutic agents contribute to drug resistance

true

True or False Fungus are composed of "prokaryotic" cells and cell wall containing chitin. They are dimorphic, appearing as a multi-cell yeast or single-celled "hyphae". Fungus can reproduce sexually or asexually.

False (eukaryotic; mold; sporihenally)

_____ _____ is an acid-fast bacterium

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

viruses are ____ microbes which are ____ considered living

acellular; not

a(n) ___ organism never uses oxygen from its metabolism but can grow in its presence is?

aerotolerant

the following chemical categories are capable of sterilizing except halogens aldehydes hydrogen peroxide alcohols

alcohols

the primary function of viral spike proteins used by some viruses are for ___ and ____ of ___ ___

attachment; entry; host cells

true or false a mutation resulting in the loss of a bacterial capsule will result in greater virulence

false

true or false evolution occurs in susceptible bacteria are killed by a drug. leaving resistant mutants alive

false

true or false the streptomycin antibiotic in the evolution lab caused bacteria to mutate

false

the 3 chemical products of fermentation are?

- acids - alcohols - gas

genetic mutations can be?

- beneficial - harmful - neutral

the "genome" of a bacterial organism includes which of the following?

- chromosome - plasmids

the effects of genetic recombination include all of the following?

- gain new host - mutations - gain pathogenicity or virulence - gain resistance to drugs

which of the following factors should be taken into consideration before prescribing a antimicrobial drug?

- patient allergies - toxicity of the drug

what are the causes of genetic mutations?

- radiation - chemical mutagens - replication errors by polymerases

the events of binary fission are

- the DNA is replicated & protein synthesis occurs - the cell begins to form a septum, cytoplasm begins t divide - septum is completely formed - daughter cells (clones) separate

which of the following methods typically require cultures to identify organisms? 1. genetic 2. biochemical 3. immunological

1 & 2

which one is in correct: 1. conjugation is a "vertical" transformation of DNA from parent to daughter cells 2. transduction involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a virus 3. transformation occurs when a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment

1 (horizontal)

Match the causative microbe group with the correct disease. 1. Bacteria a. trichomoniasis 2. fungal b. valley fever 3. protozoal c. AIDS (virus) d. strep throat

1. Bacteria - d. strep throat 2. fungal - b. valley fever 3. protozoal - a. trichomoniasis

at which temperatures would a psychrophile grow best?

10* C

the prokaryotes known as halophile requires salt concentration of ___ or greater

15%

a bacterial cell has ___ chromosome(s), which is/are __ in structure

1; circular

in a bacterial cell, glycolysis precedes fermentation which uses one glucose molecule to produce a net gain of how many ATP molecules?

2

which one is incorrectly paired? 1. transduction: the transfer of genes between bacteria through a phage infection 2. transformation: the spontaneous change of genetic information in a species 3. conjugation: the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via direct contact

2

which of the following is a primary advantage of semi-synthetic drugs? 1. they work faster 2. they are less stable and consequently have fewer side effects 3. they must be administered intravenously 4. they are made to be more effective that the unmodified natural antibodies 5. they are not readily absorbed

4

Identify the most common bacterial structure(s) used for bacterial attachment A- sex pili B- fimbriae C- glycocalyx D- flagella E- a-c are correct

A-C are correct

which is Not a type of immunological identification?

DLA media

the major targets or sites of action for chemical disinfectants are

DNA, protein and cell membrane

True or False gene mutations are always harmful for cells and organism

False (can be beneficial)

True or False "Prokaryotes" have a cell wall composed of chitin. "Prokaryotic" cell wall come in only 2 forms called Gram + and Gram -

False (Fungus; bacteria; and acid fast base)

True or False Viruses containing "both" DNA "and" RNA genetic information inside of a protein capsid coat. They do not require a host to replicate. Viruses are "larger" than human cells.

False (Not both; or; smaller)

True or False Gram + bacteria have "thin" layer of peptidoglycan, "lipopolysaccharide" and an outer membrane, Gram "+" bacteria appear pink after a Gram stain. An example of a Gram "+" bacterium is Escherichia coli.

False (thin; teichoic; negative; negative)

Protozoa lack a cell wall and some have cilia, flagella or pseudopodia for movement.

True

True or False Acid-fast bacteria have mycolic acid (wax-like) in their cell walls and cannot be identified using the Gram stain. These cells appear fuchsia after acid fast staining.

True

Choose the list in correct order of size from smallest to largest. - bacteria, yeast, viruses - viruses, yeast, bacteria - viruses, bacteria, yeast

Viruses, bacteria, yeast

detergents (quats) is what type of chemical

benzalkonium

sugar metabolism is used in ____ methods of identification and antibodies are _____ methods of identification in microbes

biochemical; immunological

halogens is what type of chemical

bleach

neutrophiles would ideally be found in which body location?

blood

true or false Antibiotics "can" be used to treat viral infections. antibiotics work by targeting "2" sites; the "caspid and spikes" found on a bacterial cell

false (cannot; 4; cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus and protein)

the components of an enveloped virus include a ____, ____ and ____

caspid; membrane; genome

anaerobes lack the enzyme ____, which forms the products ___ and ___

catalase; oxygen; H2O

The Germ Theory states that microbes ___

cause infectious disease

Streptobacillus bacteria appears as ____ and Staphylococci appears as ___ cells

chains of rods; clustered cocci

the kirby-bauer test measures antibiotic ____ and MIC measures antibiotic _____

effectiveness; minimum dose

organisms that can grow with or without oxygen present are

either facultative anaerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes

___ are not commonly involved with microbe attachment to host cells

endospores

some bacteria produce ____ when stressed during a process called ____

endospores; sporulation

which parts of an enveloped virus will enter a host cell with "endocytosis" as a mode of entry"

enveloped, caspid and genome

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the cell (usually ending in -ase) are called?

enzymes

obligate or strict means ____ and facultative means _____

essential or a requirement; ability to adapt to or change

in bacteria and fungi, nutrients breakdown occurs ___ and is called ___

externally; digestion

a bacterium is described as mesophilic aerobe that grows best in a neutral environment. This means?

grows at 37* C, requiring O2, at pH 7

parasitic and soprophytic microbes are __ requiring ___ nutrients from outside sources

heterotrophic; complex

which forms of oxygen is detoxified by the enzyme catalase?

hydrogen peroxide

which osmotic condition kills bacteria by decreasing water in the cell?

hypertonic

which osmotic condition has a higher concentration of salt inside the cell than in the solution?

hypotonic

which of the following is NOT an action of developed antiviral drugs?

inhibit exposure to viruses

viruses that reside in the host cell and cause latent infections are termed?

lysogenic

viruses that are released from host cells rapidly killing the host cell are __ and those that are secreted more slowly are ___

lytic; budded

bacteria becomes resistance to ABX through all of the following except?

membrane pumps

some resistant bacteria use ___ that metabolize antibodies from the cell

membrane pumps

human pathogens can be classified as

mesophiles

antivirals drugs are usually ___, and antibiotics are usually ____

more toxic; less toxic

during resistant bacteria may use ___ which prevents a drug from binding together

mutated active sites

preservatives is what type of chemical

nitrites, sulfur

which of the following is NOT a cause of the proliferation (increase) of a microbe

use of narrow spectrum drugs