Bio 205 final review
true or false ABX resistance genes are stored between bacteria through "vertical" gene transfer
false (horizontal)
true or false antigenic "drift" involves 2 or more viruses exchanging genetic information
false (shift)
___ is not a common protozoal disease in the U.S.
filariasis
the mesophilic organism Helicobacter pylori is responsible for?
gastric ulcers
list the correct order of organism's scientific name of E. coli O157:H7
genus, species, strain
Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes that have a ____ and a cell wall
nucleoid
a microbe that grows only at the top of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n) ___
obligate aerobe
a microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n)
obligate anaerobe
Microaerophiles are microbes that grow best at low
oxygen levels
which of the following is NOT targeted by antifungals?
peptidoglycan cell wall
picornavirus is named for its?
physical properties
which of the following is Not a physical method of control?
preservation
transcription and translation of viral genes during the "synthesis and assembly" step are in the formation of?
proteins; spikes proteins; core enzymes/proteins
most packaged disposable plastic medial supplies are sterilized by __ to avoid damage to the plastic
radiation
fluoride are iodine are ____ chemicals
residual
bacteria can use ____ to transfer genes (DNA) to another bacterium
sex pili
the glycocalyx is the layer external to the bacterial cell wall. the 2 forms of glycocalyx are ___ and ____
slime layer; capsule
complex bacteriophage viruses have ____ ___ and release from bacterial cells by ___
tail fibers; lysis
microbes growing in hot springs are generally?
thermophiles
during ___, bacteria take up naked DNA from a dead donor bacterial cell
transformation
during ___, mRNA is converted into protein
translation
during ___, DNA is converted into mRNA
trascription
phenolics is what type of chemical
tricloson
True or false random mutations contribute to genetic variation in microbes
true
true of false surfactants found in hand soap have hydrophobic and hydrophilic structure similar to phospholipid. surfactants are effective at removing microbes from surfaces due to their ability to disrupt cell membranes, especially when combined with mechanical friction (rubbing)
true
true or false RNA viruses evolve rapidly due to high mutations rates during replication
true
true or false if antigenic shift occurs, most people may have little or no immunity against the virus
true
true or false inappropriate use of chemotherapeutic agents contribute to drug resistance
true
True or False Fungus are composed of "prokaryotic" cells and cell wall containing chitin. They are dimorphic, appearing as a multi-cell yeast or single-celled "hyphae". Fungus can reproduce sexually or asexually.
False (eukaryotic; mold; sporihenally)
_____ _____ is an acid-fast bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
viruses are ____ microbes which are ____ considered living
acellular; not
a(n) ___ organism never uses oxygen from its metabolism but can grow in its presence is?
aerotolerant
the following chemical categories are capable of sterilizing except halogens aldehydes hydrogen peroxide alcohols
alcohols
the primary function of viral spike proteins used by some viruses are for ___ and ____ of ___ ___
attachment; entry; host cells
true or false a mutation resulting in the loss of a bacterial capsule will result in greater virulence
false
true or false evolution occurs in susceptible bacteria are killed by a drug. leaving resistant mutants alive
false
true or false the streptomycin antibiotic in the evolution lab caused bacteria to mutate
false
the 3 chemical products of fermentation are?
- acids - alcohols - gas
genetic mutations can be?
- beneficial - harmful - neutral
the "genome" of a bacterial organism includes which of the following?
- chromosome - plasmids
the effects of genetic recombination include all of the following?
- gain new host - mutations - gain pathogenicity or virulence - gain resistance to drugs
which of the following factors should be taken into consideration before prescribing a antimicrobial drug?
- patient allergies - toxicity of the drug
what are the causes of genetic mutations?
- radiation - chemical mutagens - replication errors by polymerases
the events of binary fission are
- the DNA is replicated & protein synthesis occurs - the cell begins to form a septum, cytoplasm begins t divide - septum is completely formed - daughter cells (clones) separate
which of the following methods typically require cultures to identify organisms? 1. genetic 2. biochemical 3. immunological
1 & 2
which one is in correct: 1. conjugation is a "vertical" transformation of DNA from parent to daughter cells 2. transduction involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a virus 3. transformation occurs when a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment
1 (horizontal)
Match the causative microbe group with the correct disease. 1. Bacteria a. trichomoniasis 2. fungal b. valley fever 3. protozoal c. AIDS (virus) d. strep throat
1. Bacteria - d. strep throat 2. fungal - b. valley fever 3. protozoal - a. trichomoniasis
at which temperatures would a psychrophile grow best?
10* C
the prokaryotes known as halophile requires salt concentration of ___ or greater
15%
a bacterial cell has ___ chromosome(s), which is/are __ in structure
1; circular
in a bacterial cell, glycolysis precedes fermentation which uses one glucose molecule to produce a net gain of how many ATP molecules?
2
which one is incorrectly paired? 1. transduction: the transfer of genes between bacteria through a phage infection 2. transformation: the spontaneous change of genetic information in a species 3. conjugation: the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via direct contact
2
which of the following is a primary advantage of semi-synthetic drugs? 1. they work faster 2. they are less stable and consequently have fewer side effects 3. they must be administered intravenously 4. they are made to be more effective that the unmodified natural antibodies 5. they are not readily absorbed
4
Identify the most common bacterial structure(s) used for bacterial attachment A- sex pili B- fimbriae C- glycocalyx D- flagella E- a-c are correct
A-C are correct
which is Not a type of immunological identification?
DLA media
the major targets or sites of action for chemical disinfectants are
DNA, protein and cell membrane
True or False gene mutations are always harmful for cells and organism
False (can be beneficial)
True or False "Prokaryotes" have a cell wall composed of chitin. "Prokaryotic" cell wall come in only 2 forms called Gram + and Gram -
False (Fungus; bacteria; and acid fast base)
True or False Viruses containing "both" DNA "and" RNA genetic information inside of a protein capsid coat. They do not require a host to replicate. Viruses are "larger" than human cells.
False (Not both; or; smaller)
True or False Gram + bacteria have "thin" layer of peptidoglycan, "lipopolysaccharide" and an outer membrane, Gram "+" bacteria appear pink after a Gram stain. An example of a Gram "+" bacterium is Escherichia coli.
False (thin; teichoic; negative; negative)
Protozoa lack a cell wall and some have cilia, flagella or pseudopodia for movement.
True
True or False Acid-fast bacteria have mycolic acid (wax-like) in their cell walls and cannot be identified using the Gram stain. These cells appear fuchsia after acid fast staining.
True
Choose the list in correct order of size from smallest to largest. - bacteria, yeast, viruses - viruses, yeast, bacteria - viruses, bacteria, yeast
Viruses, bacteria, yeast
detergents (quats) is what type of chemical
benzalkonium
sugar metabolism is used in ____ methods of identification and antibodies are _____ methods of identification in microbes
biochemical; immunological
halogens is what type of chemical
bleach
neutrophiles would ideally be found in which body location?
blood
true or false Antibiotics "can" be used to treat viral infections. antibiotics work by targeting "2" sites; the "caspid and spikes" found on a bacterial cell
false (cannot; 4; cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus and protein)
the components of an enveloped virus include a ____, ____ and ____
caspid; membrane; genome
anaerobes lack the enzyme ____, which forms the products ___ and ___
catalase; oxygen; H2O
The Germ Theory states that microbes ___
cause infectious disease
Streptobacillus bacteria appears as ____ and Staphylococci appears as ___ cells
chains of rods; clustered cocci
the kirby-bauer test measures antibiotic ____ and MIC measures antibiotic _____
effectiveness; minimum dose
organisms that can grow with or without oxygen present are
either facultative anaerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes
___ are not commonly involved with microbe attachment to host cells
endospores
some bacteria produce ____ when stressed during a process called ____
endospores; sporulation
which parts of an enveloped virus will enter a host cell with "endocytosis" as a mode of entry"
enveloped, caspid and genome
Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the cell (usually ending in -ase) are called?
enzymes
obligate or strict means ____ and facultative means _____
essential or a requirement; ability to adapt to or change
in bacteria and fungi, nutrients breakdown occurs ___ and is called ___
externally; digestion
a bacterium is described as mesophilic aerobe that grows best in a neutral environment. This means?
grows at 37* C, requiring O2, at pH 7
parasitic and soprophytic microbes are __ requiring ___ nutrients from outside sources
heterotrophic; complex
which forms of oxygen is detoxified by the enzyme catalase?
hydrogen peroxide
which osmotic condition kills bacteria by decreasing water in the cell?
hypertonic
which osmotic condition has a higher concentration of salt inside the cell than in the solution?
hypotonic
which of the following is NOT an action of developed antiviral drugs?
inhibit exposure to viruses
viruses that reside in the host cell and cause latent infections are termed?
lysogenic
viruses that are released from host cells rapidly killing the host cell are __ and those that are secreted more slowly are ___
lytic; budded
bacteria becomes resistance to ABX through all of the following except?
membrane pumps
some resistant bacteria use ___ that metabolize antibodies from the cell
membrane pumps
human pathogens can be classified as
mesophiles
antivirals drugs are usually ___, and antibiotics are usually ____
more toxic; less toxic
during resistant bacteria may use ___ which prevents a drug from binding together
mutated active sites
preservatives is what type of chemical
nitrites, sulfur
which of the following is NOT a cause of the proliferation (increase) of a microbe
use of narrow spectrum drugs