BIO 2630 Mastering Homework Exam 2
How many primary tissue types are found in the human body?
4
What type of mole or pigmented spot on the skin would be the most concerning?
A spot with varying colors and irregular borders
Aprocine sweat glands
Begin functioning at puberty
Red/purple/green/yellow marks on the skin could be attributed to which of the following?
Bruises, also called ecchymoses or hemoatomas
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?
Calcitonin
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
Calcitriol
Which of the following bone belongs to the appendicular skeleton?
Clavicle
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess
Collagen fibers
Bones are somewhat flexible due to
Collagen fibers in the matrix
___ bone looks smooth and homogeneous
Compact
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?
Compact bone
A long bone consists of a shaft composed of ___ and an end composed of ___
Compact bone, spongy bone covered by compact bone
The hypodermis is
Composed primarily of adipose tissue
This is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body
Connective
You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at?
Connective tissue
Which description best identifies the unique of connective tissue?
Connective tissue contains a large amount of an extracellular matrix
First-degree burn
Damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, pain
Insulin resistance and high blood glucose can cause the skin to have
Dark areas in the axillae and around the neck
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
Decreased epiphyseal plate activity
This tough, strong, connective tissue is found beneath the epithelial tissue of the skin. It is packed with collagen fibers that run in all different directions.
Dense irregular
Reticular dermis
Dense irregular connective tissue
The dermis is primarily composed of which tissue type?
Dense irregular connective tissue
This connective tissue is packed with parallel collagen fibers, attaches muscles to bone, and can withstand great stress when pulled in one direction.
Dense regular
Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree involving the same body area?
Destruction of underlying pain receptors
What is the function of structure B?
Detection of pressure stimulus
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone is known as the
Diaphysis
Rising body temperature regulation
Dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surfaces
Which structure is highlighted?
Duct of sudoriferous gland
In which layer of the epidermis are 10-25% of the cells melanocytes, a cell type that is prone to cancer in the form of melanoma?
E
Which of the following glands are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead?
Eccrine sweat glands
Which tissue type has polarity and is avascular?
Epithelium
This accessory organ of the skin is composed primarily of dead, keratinized cells
Hair
This is the most common type of skeletal cartilage
Hyaline
A trochanter is a
Large, irregularly-shaped projection
Melanin
Ranges from reddish yellow to brownish black
Hemoglobin
Red
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
Respiratory gas exchange
The prefix ___ means made like a net or web
Ret-
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?
Simple columnar
This epithelial tissue forms the kidney tubules, and the ducts and secretory portions of small glands
Simple cuboidal
Moves food through the GI tract
Smooth muscle
Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?
Smooth muscle
Metabolic function
Synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
Synthesizing vitamin C
Which of the following statements regarding the skeleton is incorrect?
The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs
Hair bulb
The expanded, deep region of a hair follicle
The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is
The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
What is not true of epithelial cells?
They are richly vascularized
Which of the following pigments is not involved in determining skin color?
White pigments in skin cells
Lunule
White, cresent-shaped are under the nail's proximal region
Hirsutism is a condition characterized by
Women developed coarse terminal hairs in a masculine distribution
Carotene
Yellow to orange
In adults, ___ marrow fills the central canal of long bones, and ___ marrow in found in the epiphyses of long bones
Yellow, red
Jaundice
Yellowish coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of the pigment bilirubin
Which of the following are responsible for raising the hair to create goose bumps?
erector pilli
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of
fat
The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is
inflammation, organization, and regeneration
What is the ground substance in typical connective tissue matrix?
interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins
Which of the following is true of basal cell carcinoma?
it is the least malignant and most common form of skin cancer it originates from the stratum germinativum of the epidermis it is slow growing
Which of the following is true of smooth muscle tissue?
it is under involuntary control it lines the walls of hollow organs such as blood vessels, the uterus, the bladder, airways, etc.
Your answer to the previous question is located in the
kidney tubules and ducts of small glands
_________ fractures are those that run down the long axis of the bone, while a ___________ fracture reveals bone penetrating through the skin.
linear, compound
The phalanges are considered _________ bones (according to shape).
long
Which of the following types of connective tissue is the most diffuse type in the body and contains all three fiber types?
loose areolar
The deep layer of the dermis is known as the
reticular layer
Which of the following is the second layer a splinter would penetrate from the surface of thin skin?
stratum granulosum
Which of the following best describes the process shown in the figure?
The formation of bone in a membrane
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones
True
Your patient doesn't understand why it takes so long for his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear to heal. What would be your best explanation to him?
"Ligaments like the ACL don't have a good blood supply and therefore take much longer to heal than tissues or glands with more blood vessels"
Which of these structures is properly matched with its mode of secretion?
A; holocrine
The word root ___ means tumor
-Oma
The word root ___ means embryonic or formative cell
-blast
The word root ___ means one that breaks or destroys
-clast
Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of th femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?
18-year-old male
Marfan's syndrome is a disease associated with faulty manufacture of the extracellular protein fibrillin. Since this is a component of elastin, in which of the numbered cells would the damaged gene be expressed?
2
How many basic types of muscle tissue are there?
3
Thick skin of the epidermis contains ___layers
5
Which numbered cell type initiates inflammatory responses to infection or tissue damage?
5
What percentage of the dermis is composed of the highlighted tissue type?
80%
Which image depicts structures that contribute to our sense of touch by amplifying vibrations detected by the large lamellar corpuscles in the dermis?
A
Which event has to proceed all others during endochondral ossification?
A cartilage model of the bone is formed
What is the structure indicated by label E?
A dermal papilla
A sunburn is generally classified as being
A first-degree burn
Stratum lucidum
A thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
What physical force is best resisted by having multiple layers of oral squamous epithelium?
Abrasion
Nail matrix
Actively growing part of the nail
This connective tissue consists of large round densely packed cells with the nucleus pushed to one side.
Adipose
This type of connective tissue is primarily composed of cells
Adipose
Subcutaneous tissue
Adipose tissue
Which of the following is the major component of the part of the bone labeled E?
Adipose tissue
What is not true of connective tissue?
All connective tissues contain elastic fibers
Which of the following can lead to abrupt hair thinning?
All of these factors can lead to abrupt hair thinning
In connective tissue, the role of eleastic fibers is to
Allow the tissue to stretch and recoil
Which structure is highlighted?
Arrector pili muscle
What would be the physical sign that a bone cannot continue longitudinal growth?
An epiphyseal line
An outward concavity of the nail (koilonychias or "spoon nail", may signal
An iron deficiency
The figure represents a wedge-shaped section of which structural unit of bone?
An osteon
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?
Anemia
___ glands are found primarily in the genital and axillary areas
Apocine
Which of the following human integumentary system glands are believed to be the human equivalent of the sexual scent glands of an animal?
Apocrine sweat glands
During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter C?
Appositional growth
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface
Appositional growth
The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as
Appositional growth
Squamous epithelial cells
Are thin and flat, like fish scales
This type of connective tissue is found under epithelia, packaging organs, and surrounding capillaries
Areolar
Layer B is composed primarily of
Areolar connective tissue
Papillary dermis
Areolar connective tissue
The ___ is the structure responsible for goose bumps
Arrector pili
Bones of the skeleton are connected at junctions called
Articulations
Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma?
Asymmetry
The ___ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity
Axial
In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located?
B
The photomicrograph shows the layers of of the epidermis present in thin skin. Which letter represents where the stratum lucidum would be found in a tissue section taken from skin in the fingertips, palms, and the soles of the feet?
B
Which structure represents lines that are important to surgeons because when an incision is made parallel to these lines, the skin gapes less and heals more readily?
B
Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the body as a result of a severe burn?
Bacterial infection
Identify the following type of skin cancer indicated by A in the photographs below
Basal cell carcinoma
Why is blood classified as a connective tissue?
Blood cells, and the cells of all other connective tissues, come from the same kind of embryonic stem cell
___ muscle cells consists of branched uninucleate cells with junctions called as intercalated discs.
Cardiac
The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of
Blood vessels and nerve fibers
Which structures would you expect to find in the highlighted layer?
Blood vessels, free nerve ending, and receptor cells
Vellus hair
Body hair of children and adult females
Terminal hair is located in all of the following areas, except the
Body hair of females
This connective tissue is made of hard calcified matrix and stores calcium and other minerals
Bone (osseous tissue)
The skeleton is constructed of two types of tissue
Bone and cartilage
Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of
Bone formation
Orthopedic surgeons are fond of saying, "It is better to break a bone than it is to tear a tendon or ligament." Why is this true?
Broken bones heal faster and with less scar tissue because they are more vascularized than tendons or ligaments
Arrector pili
Bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing "goose bumps"
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows
By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?
C
Which structure is a type of sweat gland?
C
Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?
Calcitriol
Select the structure that would not have prominent flexure lines
Calf
The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or paint thinner, because they
Can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes
Skin cancer arising in the stratum basale is called basal cell
Carcinoma
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
Cardiac
Which tissue have little to no functional regenerative capacity?
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue
___ is a yellow-orange pigment found in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis
Carotene
Attaches to extracellular matrix
Cell adhesion molecule
The blood vessels and nerve in the figure are found within which type of space?
Central (Haversian) canal
The center of the osteon is called the
Central (Haversian) canal
Earwax is made by
Ceruminous glands
Evolution
Changes with time
The prefix ___ means cartilage
Chondr-
Which of the following is found in hyaline cartilage?
Chondrocyte
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification
Chondrocytes
The mature cells that live in cartilage and maintain the matrix around them are
Chondrocytes
Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest (toughest) type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers?
Connective tissues high in collagen fibers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue?
Creates lining
Which of the following structures is an attachment site for muscles or ligaments?
Crest
The outermost surface of the hair is called the
Cuticle
Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers?
D
Which of the labeled parts of the bone is composed primarily of compact bone?
D
Which skin marking represents when skin cannot slide easily to accommodate joint movement causing the dermis to fold and crease?
D
Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract?
Dense microvilli
This connective tissue looks like strands of wavy hair. It is very strong and attaches muscles to bones.
Dense regular
A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. Which type of tissue is being studied?
Dense regular fibrous connective tissue
The word root ___ means skin
Derm-
Pressure receptors, called lamellar (Picinian) corpuscles, are located in this layer of the integument
Dermal reticular layer
Layers B and C collectively form the
Dermis
The deep layer of skin is called the
Dermis
Which of the following is the "hide" that in animals is used to make leather?
Dermis
Free edge
Distal edge of the nail
The most common (and least malignant) type of skin cancer arises in the stratum basale. In the photomicrograph, which letter marks this layer?
E
This membrane lines the shaft of long bones, and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
Endosteum
Cartilage has a covering made of dense connective tissue called a periosteum
False
You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermicidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland?
Eccrine gland
This type of cartilage supports the external ear and keeps it firm but flexible
Elastic
Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common?
Elastic fibers
Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure?
Endochondral ossification
How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?
Endocrine glands do not use ducts
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs
Third-degree burns
Entire thickness of the skin is consumed, resulting in the burned area appearing white, red, or blackened
An injection is administered through the skin using a hypodermic needle. Identify the first integumentary structure through which the needle will pass
Epidermis
A blister is a fluid-filled pocket that separates the
Epidermis and dermis
What is true about the blood supply to the skin?
Epidermis is avascular and dermis is richly vascularized
Nail bed
Epidermis on which the nail rests
The skin has two distinct regions. The superficial layer is the ___ and the underlying connective tissue is the ___
Epidermis, dermis
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth
Epiphyseal line
Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place
Epiphyseal plate
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
Epiphyseal plate
Longitudinal bone growth occurs at this location in long bones
Epiphyseal plates
This tissue type is a covering and lining tissue. It also includes glands
Epithelial
Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is innervated
Explain why a buccal swab procedure should not cause bleeding.
Epithelium is avascular. Removing a few cells from the apical layer of the epithelium will not damage any blood vessels
The ___ is often referred to as the cuticle of a nail
Eponychium
Exocrine glands are considered to be a type of connective tissue because
Exocrine glands are epithelial tissue, not connective tissue
What class of receptor is the highlighted structure?
Exteroreceptors
Embryonic skeletons consist primarily of elastic cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone during development and growth
False
Intercalated discs and striations are both characteristics of skeletal muscle
False
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers
False
New portions of a nail are produced at the cuticle.
False
Pseudostratidied epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.
False
Sweating and shivering are two ways in which the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature
False
Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue
False
The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to the type of UV light emitted from a tanning bed is far less dangerous
False
The clavicle and bones of the cranium are examples of bones that form via endochondral ossification.
False
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
Vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin in the presence of sunlight. These chemicals are important for the transport of sodium in our intestines
False
Redness or erythema
Fever, inflammation, or allergy
How is hyaline cartilage different from elasticcatilage or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible
The prefix ___ means fiber or fibrous
Fibro-
The pain in the leg that is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process?
Fibroblasts
The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs is
Fibrocartilage
This is the toughest kind of cartilage. It is found in places that receive a lot of mechanical stress.
Fibrocartilage
___ is a type of cartilage with a net of collagen fibers to help resist compression and tension
Fibrocartilage
Which of the cartilage types below is matched correctly to its body location?
Fibrocartilage; meniscus of the knee
After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because
Fibrosis connective tissue is incapable of contracting
The epiphyses of long bones are
Filled with spongy bone
Which of the following is not considered a critical burn?
First-degree burns on 30% of the body
___ bones are generally thin and have a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
Flat
This is a passageway for blood vessels and nerves
Foramen
Sebaceous glands
Found all over the body except the palms and soles
Mammary glands
Found only in the pectoral region
Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for fingerprints?
Friction ridges and sweat pores
If dermal ridges were missing, then
Friction ridges would be absent
Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin?
Granular layer
Which property is most consistent in all connective tissues?
Greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content
Which structure is highlighted?
Hair bulb
Which structure is highlighted?
Hair follicle
Which structure is highlighed?
Hair papilla
Which of the following is not a function of human body hair?
Hair provides a luxuriant source of warmth
Which structure is highlighted?
Hair root
Which of the following is true of hairs?
Hair's main function in humans is to sense insects on the skin before they bite or sting us
Which of the following bone markings helps form joints?
Head
Cardiac muscle is found in the
Heart
A condyle differs from an epicondyle in that the condyle
Helps form a joint
The word root ___ means blood
Hema-
Blood cells are formed by the process of
Hematopoiesis
Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?
Hemoglobin
This type of cartilage attaches ribs to the sternum
Hyaline
The area where blood vessels are penetrating the center of the bone used to be occupied by which tissue?
Hyaline cartilage
What kind of tissue comprises the epiphyseal plate of bones?
Hyaline cartilage
What material makes up most of the structure at A?
Hyaline cartilage
What tissue type replaces periosteum on the ends of articulating bones?
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones?
Hydroxyapatite
Skin color can indicate certain disease states. A reddened, flushed face might indicate
Hypertension, fever, or embarrassment
Identify the layer indicated in the figure above
Hypodermis
The region beneath the free edge of the nail is called the
Hyponychium
Based on its function, where would you likely find simple squamous epithelium?
In places where materials need to pass through a thin sheet of cells
One main difference between thin skin and thick skin is that
In thin skin, the stratum lucidum appears to be absent
Which of the following would not be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is false?)
Increase osteoblasts on bone
Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?
Inflammation causes increased blood flow
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system
Second-degree burn
Injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through
Interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Intramembranous ossification
Vertebrae belong to this category of bones
Irregular
Smooth muscle
Is under involuntary control
Melanoma is particularly dangerous because
It grows rapidly and metastasizes
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
Its primary function is nutrient storage
What additional component associated with skin epithelium is not seen in oral epithelium?
Keratin
Which of the following substances would NOT be found in significant amounts in the extracellular matrix of the illustrated areolar connective tissue?
Keratin
The epidermis is composed of which of the following tissues?
Keratinized stratified squamous epitherlial tissue
These are the most abundant epidermal cells
Keratinocytes
What is the most common type in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Which of the following cells would one not expect to find in the dermis?
Keratinocytes
What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the vessels and nerve?
Lamallae
Select the cutaneous sensory receptors responsible for detecting bumps or contacts involving deep pressure
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
Which of the following epidermal components possesses a waterproofing glycolipid that functions in preventing water loss?
Lamellar granules
Diameter
Larger than 6 mm
A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells
Lines most of the respiratory tract
Epithelial tissues are found
Lining hollow organs
Which of the following is an example of pseudostratified epithelium?
Lining of the trachea
The femur is an example of a ___ bone
Long
Which statement regarding the classification of bones is false?
Long bones include all limb bones expect the patella
Which of the following is the most immediate threat to life from a serious burn?
Loss of body fluids
Smoking impairs cilia because the toxins paralyze and can destroy the cilia. Based on this loss of function, explain which types of infections smokers would be more susceptible to
Lung infections
Skin appendages like hair and hair follicles, nails, sweat glands,and sebaceous (oil) glands each plays a unique role in which of the following?
Maintaining homeostasis
Keratinocytes
Make a fibrous protein for skin protection
The word root ___ means breast
Mamm-
Milk-producing glands in the breast are
Mammary glands
Stratum corneum
Many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost epidermal layer)
Which of these terms applies best to all material in this tissue that is not cellular?
Matrix
The ___ is the storage area for yellow marrow in an adult bone
Medullary cavity
The word root ___ means black or dark
Melan-
A freckle is a concentrated spot of this pigment
Melanin
Name the substance that protects the DNA of rapidly dividing skin cells from the damage caused by ultraviolet rays from the sun
Melanin
Which of the following is most important in determining skin coloration?
Melanin
Skin color is determined by the degree of oxygenation of the blood and the relative amounts of the two pigments
Melanin and carotene
Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D?
Melanocyte
The cells that produce melanin are
Melanocytes
These cells produce a brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin and protects DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage. The cells are
Melanocytes
Vitiligo is a disorder in which the pigmentation of the skin is uneven, resulting in white patches. Recent research suggests that vitiligo might be an autoimmune disorder. Which cells would you expect to be most affected?
Melanocytes
Identify the following type of skin cancer indicated by C in the photographs below
Melanoma
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is
Melanoma
This structure located in the epidermis serves as a tactile (touch) receptor
Merkel cell
The prefix ___ means middle or intermediate
Mes-
All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as
Mesenchyme
The middle potion of unspecialized mesoderm from which cartilage, bone and blood develop is called
Mesenchyme
This primary tissue type generates electrical signals and can actively contract
Muscle
This region of the nail is responsible for nail growth
Nail matrix
Which of the following is untrue with regards to finger nails?
Nails correspond to the hooves or claws of other animals, and are primarily to protect the capillary beds in the tip the fingers and toes
Two of the four primary tissue types contain excitable cells, cells that receive stimuli and generate electrical signals. One of these is muscle tissue. Name the other.
Nervous
The support cells found in nervous tissue are called
Neuroglia
All of the following are examples of connective tissue EXCEPT
Neurons
Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, ___ cells are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals
Neurons
___ are cells that make up the brain and spinal cord and transmit electrical signals from receptor to effectors
Neurons
Which of the following characteristics is lacking in the typical areolar connective tissue pictured in the figure?
None of these characteristics is lacking
Epithelial tissue is typically localized to the following region(s) of the body
On the surfaces of organs, on the walls of cavities, on the outer surface of the body, and in glands of the body
Stratum granulosum
One to five layers of flattened keratinocytes with keratophyaline and lamellar granules
Simple epithelia have
One type of epithelial cells, arranged in a single layer
The word root ___ means bone
Oste-
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the
Osteoblast
The primary blast cell for bone is the
Osteoblast
___ are cells that build bone matrix
Osteoblasts
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
Osteoclast
A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density
Osteoclasts
Calcium is released by the action of ___, which break down bone matrix
Osteoclasts
What type of cell is shown at A?
Osteocyte
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as a
Osteocyte
The structural unit of compact bone is the
Osteon
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Osteon
Which of the following is a characteristic of the bone material at D but not of the material at B?
Osteons
___ are the telescoping tubes of matrix (concentric lamellae) with their central canals that form a large part of compact bone
Osteons
Which statement regarding osteons is false?
Osteons are found in all bone tissues
Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?
Osteoporosis
___ is a disease in which bones lose mass and strength, becoming brittle
Osteoporosis
Low blood pressure and anemia can cause ___of the skin
Pallor, or blanching
Pathogens that breach the protective epidermis will encounter phagocytes and other defensive cells that wander through the loose connective tissue of which region?
Papillary dermis
Touch receptors called tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles are found in which region?
Papillary dermis
This layer of the dermis is responsible for fingerprints
Papillary layer
Surgical incisions are more likely to heal better when they are made ___ in the skin
Parallel to cleavage lines
An example of a sesamoid bone is the
Patella
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
The word root ___ means around or enclosing
Peri-
The connective tissue membrane that encloses a bone is the
Periosteum
The diaphysis of a long bone is covered by
Periosteum
Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component?
Periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue
What activity does cell 1 undertake to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection?
Phagocytosis of foreign materials
All of the following are short bones except
Phalanges
Border irregularity
Pigmented spot possesses indentations
Cyanosis
Possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders
Blood reservoir
Potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels
Apocrine sweat glands
Primarily confined to the axillary, anal, and genital regions
Melanocytes
Produce a pigment that protects against ultraviolet radiation
Keratinocytes
Produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis most of its protective qualities
The role of ceruminous glands is to
Produce earwax
All of the following are functions of the skeleton except
Production of melanin
Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which zones do you think would be most affected by this disorder?
Proliferation and Hypertrophic Zones
Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum?
Protection from UV radiation
Protection
Provides a chemical barrier and a physical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"
Select the tissue that is a simple epithelium.
Pseudostratified
___ is the type of connective tissue that forms a structural net to support other cells
Reticular connective tissue
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
Skeletal
Which structure is highlighted?
Reticular layer of dermis
Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely on this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
Ribosomes
The ducts of ___ glands usually empty into a hair follicle but may also open directly on the skin surface
Sebaceous
These glands are found all over the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They produce an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair
Sebaceous glands
Overactive sebaceous glands can cause...
Seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp
What is secreted by the highlighted structure?
Sebum
Eccrine sweat glands
Secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with some salts and traces of metabolic wastes)
Osteoblasts
Secrete osteoid
Epithelial cells are specialized to
Secrete, filter, and absord
Tactile epithelial cells
Sensory detection
What is true about both the epidermis and the dermis?
Sensory receptors are present in each
Tactile epithelial cells
Sensory receptors for touch
Stratum spinosum
Several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and dendritic (Langerhans) cells
The portion of a hair that projects from the scalp surface is known as the
Shaft
You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen is a single layer of epithelial cells that seem to have long, finger like projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?
Simple columnar epithelium
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
Simple squamous
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
This tissue can look like the hexagonal tiles of a bathroom floor. It also forms the air sacs of the lungs
Simple squamous epithelium
Stratum basale
Single row of cells mainly composed of keratinocyte stem cells
All of the following are functions of the skin EXCEPT
Site of vitamin A synthesis
Which muscle tissue type is controlled voluntarily?
Skeletal
Of the basic muscle types, this is the "meat" of the body, attached to the skeleton, which moves the limbs and other body parts
Skeletal muscle
Pull on bones or skin causing body movements
Skeletal muscle
Which tissue type is formed by many cells joining together, which are multinucleated?
Skeletal muscle
Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing?
Skeletal muscle tissue
Choose the false statement
Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature
Keratinase is an enzyme produced by dermatophytes. Which organ and/or structure in the body would these pathogenic fungi tend to proliferate in?
Skin, hair, and nails
Which of the following bones are not a part of the appendicular skeleton?
Skull
This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is ___
Smooth muscle
Using your hospital's information portal, your patient reviews the report from her recent biopsy, which includes a reference to "smooth muscle". She asks you if this means her muscles are abnormal. What is the best explanation is?
Smooth muscle tissue controls many involuntary functions. Unlike the muscles that control voluntary movement and the hear, it has no "stripes" or striations and so is "smooth"
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
Soma
Which of the following statements is true?
Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption
Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. ___ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened
Squamous
Identify the following type of skin cancer indicated by B in the photographs below
Squamous cell carinoma
Which of the following bone belongs to the axial skeleton and is a flat bone?
Sternum
Which of the following bones belongs to the axial skeleton?
Sternum
Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?
Sternum: long bone
The prefix ___ means layers
Strat-
Any tissues that exist in layers and form linings or coverings fall into the category of
Stratified epithelia
Found in areas subjected to wear and tear
Stratified squamous
This epithelial tissue has many cell layers. It forms the outer layer of the skin
Stratified squamous
Like all epithelial membranes, the skin has an epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer. The keratinized epithelial and connective tissues are
Stratified squamous and dense irregular
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function?
Stratified squamous epithelium; absorption
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?
Stratum basale
From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis of thin skin are
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum
Which of the following lists the layer of the epidermis in thick skin in the correct order from deep to superificial?
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Select the layer of the epidermis that contains anucleate cells, or cells that no longer have nuclei
Stratum corneum
The cells in this layer of epidermis are dead, and their flat, scale-like remnants are filled with keratin
Stratum corneum
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the
Stratum corneum
Which regions tend to accumulate carotene, a pigment found in certain plant products, such as carrots?
Stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
Keratinocytes die when they migrate away from their source of nutrients in the underlying dermis. Above which layer of the epidermis are keratinocytes too far from the dermal capillaries to survive?
Stratum granulosum
This layer of the epidermis contains translucent cells filled with keratin fibrils. It is found only in thick skin
Stratum lucidum
Which layer is highlighted?
Stratum spinosum
What function do transitional epithelia have?
Stretching
Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure?
Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis
The word root ___ means under, below, or beneath
Sub-
An injection given under the skin is a ___ injection
Subcutaneous
Which of the following terms describes layer D?
Subcutaneous
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat
What is produced by the highlighted structures?
Sweat
Which of the following is untrue with regards to sweating?
Sweat is a hypertonic solution compared to plasma, containing high amounts of sodium
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body
Which of the following cells function as sensory for touch?
Tactile epithelial cells
Melanoma
The "most dangerous form" of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic, can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels
In a child with rickets, the bones are prone to deformities caused by a lack of calcium, phosphate, or vitamin D. Which treated bone in Activity 2 most closely resembles the bones of a child with rickets? Why?
The bone treated with acid because the dissolves the calcium phosphate, making the bones less rigid and prone to deformation
In addition to supporting and protecting the body, the skeleton provides the function as well
The bones store fat, red marrow, and calcium
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stratified squamous epithelia (SSE)?
The epidermis is a dry epithelium consisting of non-keratinized SSE
Which of the following explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?
The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicle in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive
What is the role of the hair matrix?
The hair matrix produces hair
Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines?
The reticular layer
When cardiac muscle tissue dies in adults, it is replaced with scar tissue composed of dense connective tissue. Explain how scar tissue would affect the function of the cardiac muscle tissue
The scar tissue cannot contract so the heart will be weaker
Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands
Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria?
The temperature of the skin
What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation?
Their desmosome attachments
You have learned that tape or adhesive bandages must be removed carefully from the skin on patients who are elderly to avoid tearing their fragile skin. What accounts for the fragility of their skin?
There are fewer collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis as we age, contributing to wrinkling and increased suscepitbility to tearing of the skin
What is true about apocrine sweat glands?
They are located predominantly in axillary and genital areas
What is not true about cutaneous glands, hair, and nails?
They are made up entirely of dead cells
Which of the statements below is true for both eccrine and apocrine glands?
They produce sweat
If an individual was unable to produce sebum, what problem would they likely develop?
They would have brittle, more easily broken hair
In which type of burn, is the burned area not painful?
Third-degree burn
Which types of cell junctions are needed in a mucosal membrane, such as the digestive tract, to keep the digestive enzymes, juices, and bacteria from leaking out?
Tight junctions
Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share a function are called
Tissues
What is the function of the structure at A?
To lubricate hair and prevent infection
What is the function of ciliated epithelium?
To move fluids across the tissue surface
What is the primary function of melanin?
To provide protection against the sun's UV rays
Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?
To supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
Spongy bone contains
Trabeculae
This tissue type is capable of changing its shape and stretching. It lines the urinary bladder and ureters.
Transitional epithelium
A smooth muscle cell has a central nucleus but lacks striations
True
All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.
True
Blood is a type of connective tissue
True
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue
True
Endocine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes
True
Flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploe, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
True
Nails originate from the epidermis
True
The collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting forces
True
Which of the following belong to the appendicular skeleton?
all bones of the upper and lower limbs pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
The circular rings of one osteon are known as _______________, while the spaces with osteocytes trapped in them are known as _____________.
concentric lamellae, lacunae
Which of the following specific types of connective tissue is located in the dermis of the skin?
dense irregular connective tissue
Simple squamous epithelium functions in ________ and is located _________.
diffusion/filtration, air sacs of the lungs
Which of the following traces the route in which a blood vessel must pass in order to gain access deep into bone tissue?
periosteum, Volkman's canal, Haversian canal of compact bone
Which of the following empty via ducts to hair follicles?
sebaceous glands apocrine sweat glands
Which of the following types of epithelium functions in secretion/absorption?
simple cuboidal
Eccrine glands are ________ glands and they empty to ________.
sweat glands, the surface of the skin via a duct