BIO 295 Chapter 8 Homework
_________________ is the generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme.
Chemiosmosis
____________ act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways.
Enzymes
Which aspect of an enzyme's structure gives rise to the specificity for its substrate? Multiple choice question. Hydrogen bonding to produce a secondary structure. Folding to produce a 3-D structure Linking amino acids together by peptide bonds
Folding to produce a 3-D structure
The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Multiple select question. Glycolysis Respiratory chain Fermentation Calvin cycle Kreb's cycle
Glycolysis Respiratory chain Kreb's cycle
The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of __________________ fermentation.
Heterolactic
Which type of acidic fermentation produces mixed acid products? Multiple choice question. Heterolactic Homolactic Alcoholic
Heterolactic
Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions? Multiple choice question. Fluid mosaic Lock-and-key Antigen-antibody complex
Lock-and-key
Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. Multiple select question. Making and breaking chemical bonds Raising the required activation energy Transferring oxygen Transferring electrons
Making and breaking chemical bonds Transferring electrons
Which type of fermentation best describes degradation of pyruvic acid that results in the production of some combination of lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids? Multiple choice question. Mixed acid Homolactic Alcoholic
Mixed acid
Which is the most common redox (electron) carrier in cells? Multiple choice question. ATP NAD FAD NADP
NAD
________________________ is the most common redox (electron) carrier in cells.
NAD+
Which occurs during fermentation? Multiple choice question. NADH is reduced to NAD NADH is oxidized to NAD NAD is reduced to NADH
NADH is oxidized to NAD
During fermentation, _____________________ (NAD or NADH) is oxidized to form ______________________ (NAD or NADH).
NADH, NAD
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol fermentation within cells? Multiple choice question. Alcohol is actually not produced but synthesized outside the cell Ethanol is the only alcohol produced Several different alcohols can be produced
Several different alcohols can be produced
Which of the following represent cofactors? Multiple select question. DNA and RNA Lipids Small organic molecules Enzymes Metal ions Coenzymes
Small organic molecules Metal ions Coenzymes
Which is NOT a physical condition needed for optimal function of an enzyme? Multiple choice question. The environmental pH Temperature Osmotic pressure Substrate concentration
Substrate concentration
Excluding use of the electron transport chain, what method is used to generate ATP in all cells? Multiple choice question. Beta oxidation Product level phosphorylation Chemiosmosis Proton motive force Substrate level phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation
Which is NOT a function of metallic cofactors? Multiple choice question. Orienting the enzyme and substrate Activation of the enzyme Supplying energy for the reaction
Supplying energy for the reaction
In mixed acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into some combination of Multiple select question. acetic acid fumaric acid malic acid succinic acid citric acid lactic acid formic acid
acetic acid lactic acid succinic acid formic acid
Enzymes typically lower the __________energy needed for a reaction to proceed.
activation
In ________________ inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction.
allosteric
The regulatory site of an enzyme can also be referred to as the ________________________________ site.
allosteric
ATP synthase is principally composed of ______. Multiple choice question. carbohydrates nucleotides fatty acids amino acids
amino acids
For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must ______. Multiple choice question. bind to a substrate bind to a cofactor rise in temperature drop in temperature
bind to a cofactor
The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called ____________.
bioenergetics
Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical __________________ and the transfer of ____________________ from one molecule to another.
bonds, electrons
Enzymes serve as catalysts for: Multiple choice question. catabolic reactions both types of reactions anabolic reactions
both types of reactions
Alcoholic fermentation in bacteria could result in the production of: Multiple select question. carbon dioxide lactic acid isopropanol acetic acid ethanol butanol
carbon dioxide isopropanol ethanol butanol
Production of ATP occurs by the process of ______, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes. Multiple choice question. dehydrogenation beta oxidation chemidiffusion chemiosmosis
chemiosmosis
_______________ can be (are) metals that activate enzymes and help bring the active site and substrate together.
cofactors
In ___________ inhibition, a molecule occupies the active site which prohibits the substrate from binding and therefore, inhibits the enzyme's activity on the substrate.
competitive
Inhibitors that share binding affinity with the substrate is termed a ______ inhibitor. Multiple choice question. competitive noncompetitive allosteric
competitive
________________ enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation where the active site is blocked by a molecule that resembles the true substrate.
competitive
In ______________ inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction.
competitive/allosteric
In __________________ inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction.
competitive/allosteric
An enzyme with another molecule, such as a metal or vitamin cofactor, bound covalently to it is termed a(n) _______. Multiple choice question. allosteric enzyme apoenzyme conjugated enzyme coenzyme
conjugated enzyme
An enzyme with another molecule, such as a metal or vitamin cofactor, bound covalently to it is termed a(n) _______. Multiple choice question. coenzyme conjugated enzyme allosteric enzyme apoenzyme
conjugated enzyme
A(n) __________ enzyme describes an enzyme present in constant amounts regardless of the presence of substrate.
constitutive
A(n) ___________________ is an iron containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration.
cytochrome
Cytochrome aa3, also known as ____________________ ____________________, catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration.
cytochrome oxidase
Negative feedback is a process that ______ enzyme activity when a certain concentration of ______ is produced. Multiple choice question. increases; substrate decreases; product decreases; substrate increases; product
decreases; product
All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form. Multiple choice question. energy heat oxygen carbon dioxide
energy
All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable _________________.
energy
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate ____________.
enzyme
In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde which is then converted to _________________.
ethanol
A chemical reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is referred to as a(n) ______ reaction. Multiple choice question. endergonic non spontaneous exergonic
exergonic
Chemical reactions that release energy as they proceed are called _______________________ reactions.
exergonic
In very rare instances of intoxication, yeast in the small intestine can convert dietary carbohydrates to alcohol, a situation called gut ____________ syndrome.
fermentation
Fermentation results in the production of ______ ATPs than aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Multiple choice question. fewer the same number of more
fewer
Some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast under anaerobic conditions as they do in aerobic conditions due to the increase in _________________ (ATP generating metabolic process) that fermentation provides.
glycolysis
The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are _________________, the _______________ cycle, and the __________________chain.
glycolysis, krebs, respiratory
A high level of blood alcohol caused by reactions in the small intestine that use carbohydrates to produce alcohol causes ______ syndrome. Multiple choice question. self fermentation alcohol production gut intoxication gut fermentation
gut fermentation
The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of ______________________ fermentation.
heterolactic
An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n) _______________, or a conjugated enzyme.
holoenzyme
How many net ATP are generated during fermentation? Multiple choice question. 6 0 2 38 4 8
2
Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways? Multiple choice question. Microorganisms only use fermentation pathways. Aerobic pathways use oxygen. Anaerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms cannot be characterized by pathways they utilize.
Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
Which of the following can result in the denaturation of enzymes? Multiple select question. Changes in pH Chemicals High temperatures Low temperatures Increased carbon dioxide
Changes in pH Chemicals High temperatures
When a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site, often an _____ occurs which brings the substrate tightly within the active site pocket. Multiple choice question. allosteric recognition allosteric site induced fit
induced fit
When a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site, often an _____ occurs which brings the substrate tightly within the active site pocket. Multiple choice question. allosteric site allosteric recognition induced fit
induced fit
The electron transport chain is located in the ______ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ______ membrane of bacteria. Multiple choice question. plasma; plasma outer mitochondrial; plasma inner mitochondrial; plasma
inner mitochondrial; plasma
In animals, the common end product of fermentation of pyruvate is ______. Multiple choice question. alcohol acetone glycerol lactic acid
lactic acid
During fermentation, different organisms reduce pyruvate to a variety of chemical compounds including: Multiple select question. Malic acid lactic acid ethanol propionic acid citric acid acetic acid
lactic acid ethanol propionic acid acetic acid
Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) " ___________ and key" interaction.
lock
Compounds that are oxidized will Multiple choice question. lose electrons gain electrons stay neutral
lose electrons
Typically, the presence of enzymes ____ the activation energy for a reaction to proceed. Multiple choice question. lowers increases stays the same
lowers
The ETS is found embedded in the inner membrane of the ________________________ of eukaryotes while the ETS is found embedded in the _________________ membrane of prokaryotes.
mitochondria, cell
A mechanism that can slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called ___________ feedback.
negative
An inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site and controls enzyme activity is called a ____ inhibitor. Multiple choice question. noncompetitive competitive
noncompetitive
In _____________________ enzyme inhibition, a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site.
noncompetitive
The terminology "enzyme repression" implies that the enzyme is Multiple choice question. denatured not functioning in low concentration not longer being synthesized
not longer being synthesized
In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found Multiple choice question. on the inner membrane of the mitochondria on the outer membrane mitochondria in the matrix free floating outside the mitochondria
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found Multiple choice question. on the outer membrane mitochondria on the inner membrane of the mitochondria in the matrix free floating outside the mitochondria
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require Multiple choice question. several substrates one enzyme several cofactors
one enzyme
Cyanide causes rapid death in humans and other eukaryotes because it terminates aerobic respiration by blocking cytochrome _____________________.
oxidase
ATP is synthesized via __________________ phosphorylation during the electron transport phase of respiration.
oxidative
An electron transport system and chemiosmosis are used to produce ATP in non photosynthetic microorganisms via _____________________ phosphorylation.
oxidative
In a redox reaction, one compound is ___________ and another compound is ____________.
oxidized, reduced
Aerobic respiration requires _________________, whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.
oxygen
In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to ___________________ along with hydrogen which results in the formation of _______________________.
oxygen, water
In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to ___________________________ along with hydrogen which results in the formation of _________________.
oxygen, water
Often, regulation of metabolic pathways occurs with activation or repression of the ____________-maker enzyme.
pace
Most competitive inhibitors found in cells are Multiple choice question. metabolic poisons or toxins vitamins salts products of metabolic pathways
products of metabolic pathways
Most competitive inhibitors found in cells are Multiple choice question. products of metabolic pathways metabolic poisons or toxins vitamins salts
products of metabolic pathways
As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production. Multiple choice question. beta oxidation free-radicals proton motive force
proton motive force
As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production. Multiple choice question. proton motive force free-radicals beta oxidation
proton motive force
The active pumping of hydrogen ions across the cristae membrane sets up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called the ____________________ ________________________ _________________________.
proton motive force
Collective reactions which transfer hydrogens/electrons from one compound to another are termed _____________ reactions.
redox
Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ______ reactions. Multiple choice question. photosynthetic redox hydrolysis synthesis condensation
redox
Oxidation reactions are coupled with _________________ reactions.
reduction
The activity of an enzyme can be controlled through the binding of molecules to a site other than the active site that is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. homeodomain receptor site regulatory site zinc finger
regulatory site
The term enzyme __________________ refers to an inhibition of the genetic apparatus responsible for replacing the enzyme which results in a decrease in the number of enzyme molecules.
repression
A(n) _________ enzyme consists of protein alone, while a(n) ___________ enzyme (or holoenzyme) consists of protein and nonprotein components.
simple, conjugated
Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their ______________ for a particular substrate.
specificity
Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their _______________ for a particular substrate.
specificity
In ________________-_______________ phosphorylation, phosphate groups are transferred from one molecule to AMP or ADP to form ATP.
substrate-level
ATP ________________ is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.
synthase
Typically, ___________________ ATP are netted by fermentation.
two
The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ______. Multiple choice question. using or not using oxygen functional or non-functional electron transport system present or absent glycolysis reaction
using or not using oxygen
Which of the following couples (links) anabolic reactions with catabolic reactions? Multiple choice question. Glucose ATP Substrates AMP Enzymes
ATP
________________________ is the energy currency of the cells, coupling energy releasing reactions with energy requiring reactions.
ATP
Protons can only cross the mitochondrial inner membrane by diffusing through a specific portion of the enzyme called ________________ ______________
ATP, synthase
Which is typically reduced to form ethanol during fermentation? Multiple choice question. Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Acetaldehyde ATP
Acetaldehyde
Which is typically reduced to form ethanol during fermentation? Multiple choice question. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Acetaldehyde Glucose ATP
Acetaldehyde
Which term is used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways? Multiple choice question. Metabolism Kinetics Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics
__________ enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation where the active site is blocked by a molecule that resembles the true substrate.
Competitive
What name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations? Multiple choice question. Constitutive enzymes Allosteric enzymes Omni enzymes Regulated enzymes
Constitutive enzymes
What name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations? Multiple choice question. Regulated enzymes Omni enzymes Allosteric enzymes Constitutive enzymes
Constitutive enzymes
Which compound blocks cytochrome oxidase, causing a termination of aerobic respiration and death? Multiple choice question. Nitrous oxide Cyanide Cocaine Sulfide
Cyanide
What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration? Multiple choice question. Cytochrome NADH ATPase FADH2
Cytochrome
What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration? Multiple choice question. FADH2 Cytochrome ATPase NADH
Cytochrome
Which component of the electron transport system catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration? Multiple choice question. Cytochrome b and c Cytochrome c1 and c4 Cytochromes a and a3 Cytochrome c
Cytochromes a and a3
What adaptation explains how some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast as they would in the presence of oxygen? Multiple choice question. Increased rate of glycolysis More ATP produced by glycolysis Increased rate of pyruvate reduction
Increased rate of glycolysis
What adaptation explains how some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast as they would in the presence of oxygen? Multiple choice question. Increased rate of pyruvate reduction More ATP produced by glycolysis Increased rate of glycolysis
Increased rate of glycolysis
Slight changes occur in the shape of the enzyme in order to guide the substrate into the active site. This is referred to as a(n) ___________ __________.
Induced fit
The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________. Multiple choice question. CO2 FAD NAD O2
O2
The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________. Multiple choice question. NAD FAD CO2 O2
O2
Which of the following could not be a cofactor? Multiple choice question. Metal ions Organic acids Vitamins Coenzymes
Organic acids
Which of the following could not be a cofactor? Multiple choice question. Organic acids Metal ions Vitamins Coenzymes
Organic acids
Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation? Multiple choice question. Nitrate or sulfate Molecular oxygen Organic compounds
Organic compounds
Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation? Multiple choice question. Organic compounds Molecular oxygen Nitrate or sulfate
Organic compounds
A redox reaction involves the coupling of which two types of reactions? Multiple choice question. Condensation and synthesis Oxidation and reduction Reverse and oxygenic
Oxidation and reduction
What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS? Multiple choice question. Alpha phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Beta oxidation ATP generation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is best associated with the electron transport system? Multiple choice question. CO2 release Oxidative phosphorylation Sugar oxidation Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the most common target when cells regulate metabolic pathways? Multiple choice question. Pacemaker enzyme Substrate levels Apoenzymes concentration Oxygen levels
Pacemaker enzyme
Competitive inhibition decreases the activity of an enzyme by Multiple select question. Permanently changing the shape of the enzyme Preventing the enzyme-substrate interaction Blocking the active site of the enzyme Denaturing the enzyme
Preventing the enzyme-substrate interaction Blocking the active site of the enzyme
Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. Multiple select question. Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds Transferring oxygen Raising the required activation energy
Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds
True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor.
True
