BIO 295 Chapter 8 Homework

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_________________ is the generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme.

Chemiosmosis

____________ act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways.

Enzymes

Which aspect of an enzyme's structure gives rise to the specificity for its substrate? Multiple choice question. Hydrogen bonding to produce a secondary structure. Folding to produce a 3-D structure Linking amino acids together by peptide bonds

Folding to produce a 3-D structure

The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Multiple select question. Glycolysis Respiratory chain Fermentation Calvin cycle Kreb's cycle

Glycolysis Respiratory chain Kreb's cycle

The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of __________________ fermentation.

Heterolactic

Which type of acidic fermentation produces mixed acid products? Multiple choice question. Heterolactic Homolactic Alcoholic

Heterolactic

Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions? Multiple choice question. Fluid mosaic Lock-and-key Antigen-antibody complex

Lock-and-key

Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. Multiple select question. Making and breaking chemical bonds Raising the required activation energy Transferring oxygen Transferring electrons

Making and breaking chemical bonds Transferring electrons

Which type of fermentation best describes degradation of pyruvic acid that results in the production of some combination of lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids? Multiple choice question. Mixed acid Homolactic Alcoholic

Mixed acid

Which is the most common redox (electron) carrier in cells? Multiple choice question. ATP NAD FAD NADP

NAD

________________________ is the most common redox (electron) carrier in cells.

NAD+

Which occurs during fermentation? Multiple choice question. NADH is reduced to NAD NADH is oxidized to NAD NAD is reduced to NADH

NADH is oxidized to NAD

During fermentation, _____________________ (NAD or NADH) is oxidized to form ______________________ (NAD or NADH).

NADH, NAD

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol fermentation within cells? Multiple choice question. Alcohol is actually not produced but synthesized outside the cell Ethanol is the only alcohol produced Several different alcohols can be produced

Several different alcohols can be produced

Which of the following represent cofactors? Multiple select question. DNA and RNA Lipids Small organic molecules Enzymes Metal ions Coenzymes

Small organic molecules Metal ions Coenzymes

Which is NOT a physical condition needed for optimal function of an enzyme? Multiple choice question. The environmental pH Temperature Osmotic pressure Substrate concentration

Substrate concentration

Excluding use of the electron transport chain, what method is used to generate ATP in all cells? Multiple choice question. Beta oxidation Product level phosphorylation Chemiosmosis Proton motive force Substrate level phosphorylation

Substrate level phosphorylation

Which is NOT a function of metallic cofactors? Multiple choice question. Orienting the enzyme and substrate Activation of the enzyme Supplying energy for the reaction

Supplying energy for the reaction

In mixed acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into some combination of Multiple select question. acetic acid fumaric acid malic acid succinic acid citric acid lactic acid formic acid

acetic acid lactic acid succinic acid formic acid

Enzymes typically lower the __________energy needed for a reaction to proceed.

activation

In ________________ inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction.

allosteric

The regulatory site of an enzyme can also be referred to as the ________________________________ site.

allosteric

ATP synthase is principally composed of ______. Multiple choice question. carbohydrates nucleotides fatty acids amino acids

amino acids

For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must ______. Multiple choice question. bind to a substrate bind to a cofactor rise in temperature drop in temperature

bind to a cofactor

The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called ____________.

bioenergetics

Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical __________________ and the transfer of ____________________ from one molecule to another.

bonds, electrons

Enzymes serve as catalysts for: Multiple choice question. catabolic reactions both types of reactions anabolic reactions

both types of reactions

Alcoholic fermentation in bacteria could result in the production of: Multiple select question. carbon dioxide lactic acid isopropanol acetic acid ethanol butanol

carbon dioxide isopropanol ethanol butanol

Production of ATP occurs by the process of ______, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes. Multiple choice question. dehydrogenation beta oxidation chemidiffusion chemiosmosis

chemiosmosis

_______________ can be (are) metals that activate enzymes and help bring the active site and substrate together.

cofactors

In ___________ inhibition, a molecule occupies the active site which prohibits the substrate from binding and therefore, inhibits the enzyme's activity on the substrate.

competitive

Inhibitors that share binding affinity with the substrate is termed a ______ inhibitor. Multiple choice question. competitive noncompetitive allosteric

competitive

________________ enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation where the active site is blocked by a molecule that resembles the true substrate.

competitive

In ______________ inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction.

competitive/allosteric

In __________________ inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction.

competitive/allosteric

An enzyme with another molecule, such as a metal or vitamin cofactor, bound covalently to it is termed a(n) _______. Multiple choice question. allosteric enzyme apoenzyme conjugated enzyme coenzyme

conjugated enzyme

An enzyme with another molecule, such as a metal or vitamin cofactor, bound covalently to it is termed a(n) _______. Multiple choice question. coenzyme conjugated enzyme allosteric enzyme apoenzyme

conjugated enzyme

A(n) __________ enzyme describes an enzyme present in constant amounts regardless of the presence of substrate.

constitutive

A(n) ___________________ is an iron containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration.

cytochrome

Cytochrome aa3, also known as ____________________ ____________________, catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration.

cytochrome oxidase

Negative feedback is a process that ______ enzyme activity when a certain concentration of ______ is produced. Multiple choice question. increases; substrate decreases; product decreases; substrate increases; product

decreases; product

All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form. Multiple choice question. energy heat oxygen carbon dioxide

energy

All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable _________________.

energy

Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate ____________.

enzyme

In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde which is then converted to _________________.

ethanol

A chemical reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is referred to as a(n) ______ reaction. Multiple choice question. endergonic non spontaneous exergonic

exergonic

Chemical reactions that release energy as they proceed are called _______________________ reactions.

exergonic

In very rare instances of intoxication, yeast in the small intestine can convert dietary carbohydrates to alcohol, a situation called gut ____________ syndrome.

fermentation

Fermentation results in the production of ______ ATPs than aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Multiple choice question. fewer the same number of more

fewer

Some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast under anaerobic conditions as they do in aerobic conditions due to the increase in _________________ (ATP generating metabolic process) that fermentation provides.

glycolysis

The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are _________________, the _______________ cycle, and the __________________chain.

glycolysis, krebs, respiratory

A high level of blood alcohol caused by reactions in the small intestine that use carbohydrates to produce alcohol causes ______ syndrome. Multiple choice question. self fermentation alcohol production gut intoxication gut fermentation

gut fermentation

The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of ______________________ fermentation.

heterolactic

An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n) _______________, or a conjugated enzyme.

holoenzyme

How many net ATP are generated during fermentation? Multiple choice question. 6 0 2 38 4 8

2

Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways? Multiple choice question. Microorganisms only use fermentation pathways. Aerobic pathways use oxygen. Anaerobic pathways use oxygen. Microorganisms cannot be characterized by pathways they utilize.

Aerobic pathways use oxygen.

Which of the following can result in the denaturation of enzymes? Multiple select question. Changes in pH Chemicals High temperatures Low temperatures Increased carbon dioxide

Changes in pH Chemicals High temperatures

When a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site, often an _____ occurs which brings the substrate tightly within the active site pocket. Multiple choice question. allosteric recognition allosteric site induced fit

induced fit

When a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site, often an _____ occurs which brings the substrate tightly within the active site pocket. Multiple choice question. allosteric site allosteric recognition induced fit

induced fit

The electron transport chain is located in the ______ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ______ membrane of bacteria. Multiple choice question. plasma; plasma outer mitochondrial; plasma inner mitochondrial; plasma

inner mitochondrial; plasma

In animals, the common end product of fermentation of pyruvate is ______. Multiple choice question. alcohol acetone glycerol lactic acid

lactic acid

During fermentation, different organisms reduce pyruvate to a variety of chemical compounds including: Multiple select question. Malic acid lactic acid ethanol propionic acid citric acid acetic acid

lactic acid ethanol propionic acid acetic acid

Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) " ___________ and key" interaction.

lock

Compounds that are oxidized will Multiple choice question. lose electrons gain electrons stay neutral

lose electrons

Typically, the presence of enzymes ____ the activation energy for a reaction to proceed. Multiple choice question. lowers increases stays the same

lowers

The ETS is found embedded in the inner membrane of the ________________________ of eukaryotes while the ETS is found embedded in the _________________ membrane of prokaryotes.

mitochondria, cell

A mechanism that can slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called ___________ feedback.

negative

An inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site and controls enzyme activity is called a ____ inhibitor. Multiple choice question. noncompetitive competitive

noncompetitive

In _____________________ enzyme inhibition, a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site.

noncompetitive

The terminology "enzyme repression" implies that the enzyme is Multiple choice question. denatured not functioning in low concentration not longer being synthesized

not longer being synthesized

In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found Multiple choice question. on the inner membrane of the mitochondria on the outer membrane mitochondria in the matrix free floating outside the mitochondria

on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found Multiple choice question. on the outer membrane mitochondria on the inner membrane of the mitochondria in the matrix free floating outside the mitochondria

on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require Multiple choice question. several substrates one enzyme several cofactors

one enzyme

Cyanide causes rapid death in humans and other eukaryotes because it terminates aerobic respiration by blocking cytochrome _____________________.

oxidase

ATP is synthesized via __________________ phosphorylation during the electron transport phase of respiration.

oxidative

An electron transport system and chemiosmosis are used to produce ATP in non photosynthetic microorganisms via _____________________ phosphorylation.

oxidative

In a redox reaction, one compound is ___________ and another compound is ____________.

oxidized, reduced

Aerobic respiration requires _________________, whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.

oxygen

In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to ___________________ along with hydrogen which results in the formation of _______________________.

oxygen, water

In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to ___________________________ along with hydrogen which results in the formation of _________________.

oxygen, water

Often, regulation of metabolic pathways occurs with activation or repression of the ____________-maker enzyme.

pace

Most competitive inhibitors found in cells are Multiple choice question. metabolic poisons or toxins vitamins salts products of metabolic pathways

products of metabolic pathways

Most competitive inhibitors found in cells are Multiple choice question. products of metabolic pathways metabolic poisons or toxins vitamins salts

products of metabolic pathways

As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production. Multiple choice question. beta oxidation free-radicals proton motive force

proton motive force

As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production. Multiple choice question. proton motive force free-radicals beta oxidation

proton motive force

The active pumping of hydrogen ions across the cristae membrane sets up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called the ____________________ ________________________ _________________________.

proton motive force

Collective reactions which transfer hydrogens/electrons from one compound to another are termed _____________ reactions.

redox

Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ______ reactions. Multiple choice question. photosynthetic redox hydrolysis synthesis condensation

redox

Oxidation reactions are coupled with _________________ reactions.

reduction

The activity of an enzyme can be controlled through the binding of molecules to a site other than the active site that is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. homeodomain receptor site regulatory site zinc finger

regulatory site

The term enzyme __________________ refers to an inhibition of the genetic apparatus responsible for replacing the enzyme which results in a decrease in the number of enzyme molecules.

repression

A(n) _________ enzyme consists of protein alone, while a(n) ___________ enzyme (or holoenzyme) consists of protein and nonprotein components.

simple, conjugated

Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their ______________ for a particular substrate.

specificity

Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their _______________ for a particular substrate.

specificity

In ________________-_______________ phosphorylation, phosphate groups are transferred from one molecule to AMP or ADP to form ATP.

substrate-level

ATP ________________ is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.

synthase

Typically, ___________________ ATP are netted by fermentation.

two

The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ______. Multiple choice question. using or not using oxygen functional or non-functional electron transport system present or absent glycolysis reaction

using or not using oxygen

Which of the following couples (links) anabolic reactions with catabolic reactions? Multiple choice question. Glucose ATP Substrates AMP Enzymes

ATP

________________________ is the energy currency of the cells, coupling energy releasing reactions with energy requiring reactions.

ATP

Protons can only cross the mitochondrial inner membrane by diffusing through a specific portion of the enzyme called ________________ ______________

ATP, synthase

Which is typically reduced to form ethanol during fermentation? Multiple choice question. Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Acetaldehyde ATP

Acetaldehyde

Which is typically reduced to form ethanol during fermentation? Multiple choice question. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Acetaldehyde Glucose ATP

Acetaldehyde

Which term is used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways? Multiple choice question. Metabolism Kinetics Bioenergetics

Bioenergetics

__________ enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation where the active site is blocked by a molecule that resembles the true substrate.

Competitive

What name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations? Multiple choice question. Constitutive enzymes Allosteric enzymes Omni enzymes Regulated enzymes

Constitutive enzymes

What name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations? Multiple choice question. Regulated enzymes Omni enzymes Allosteric enzymes Constitutive enzymes

Constitutive enzymes

Which compound blocks cytochrome oxidase, causing a termination of aerobic respiration and death? Multiple choice question. Nitrous oxide Cyanide Cocaine Sulfide

Cyanide

What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration? Multiple choice question. Cytochrome NADH ATPase FADH2

Cytochrome

What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration? Multiple choice question. FADH2 Cytochrome ATPase NADH

Cytochrome

Which component of the electron transport system catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration? Multiple choice question. Cytochrome b and c Cytochrome c1 and c4 Cytochromes a and a3 Cytochrome c

Cytochromes a and a3

What adaptation explains how some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast as they would in the presence of oxygen? Multiple choice question. Increased rate of glycolysis More ATP produced by glycolysis Increased rate of pyruvate reduction

Increased rate of glycolysis

What adaptation explains how some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast as they would in the presence of oxygen? Multiple choice question. Increased rate of pyruvate reduction More ATP produced by glycolysis Increased rate of glycolysis

Increased rate of glycolysis

Slight changes occur in the shape of the enzyme in order to guide the substrate into the active site. This is referred to as a(n) ___________ __________.

Induced fit

The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________. Multiple choice question. CO2 FAD NAD O2

O2

The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________. Multiple choice question. NAD FAD CO2 O2

O2

Which of the following could not be a cofactor? Multiple choice question. Metal ions Organic acids Vitamins Coenzymes

Organic acids

Which of the following could not be a cofactor? Multiple choice question. Organic acids Metal ions Vitamins Coenzymes

Organic acids

Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation? Multiple choice question. Nitrate or sulfate Molecular oxygen Organic compounds

Organic compounds

Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation? Multiple choice question. Organic compounds Molecular oxygen Nitrate or sulfate

Organic compounds

A redox reaction involves the coupling of which two types of reactions? Multiple choice question. Condensation and synthesis Oxidation and reduction Reverse and oxygenic

Oxidation and reduction

What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS? Multiple choice question. Alpha phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Beta oxidation ATP generation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following is best associated with the electron transport system? Multiple choice question. CO2 release Oxidative phosphorylation Sugar oxidation Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the most common target when cells regulate metabolic pathways? Multiple choice question. Pacemaker enzyme Substrate levels Apoenzymes concentration Oxygen levels

Pacemaker enzyme

Competitive inhibition decreases the activity of an enzyme by Multiple select question. Permanently changing the shape of the enzyme Preventing the enzyme-substrate interaction Blocking the active site of the enzyme Denaturing the enzyme

Preventing the enzyme-substrate interaction Blocking the active site of the enzyme

Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. Multiple select question. Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds Transferring oxygen Raising the required activation energy

Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds

True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor.

True


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