Bio 2nd Midterm

Each tip (sp 1-4) represents a different species of ant. Which pair of species should share the most homologous mutations?

3 and 4

Cicada Killer wasps capture and paralyze cicadas by stinging them, and then fly with their cicada to their burrow. They drag the paralyzed cicada into their burrows and then they lay an egg on it. Once the Cicada Killer larva hatches, it uses the still-living cicada as a food source while it develops. A biologist wants to determine whether there is a fitness advantage to specializing on cicadas alone rather than capturing cicadas and in addition other large insects as prey. This is a question about ___________________

Adaptive function

Each tip (sp 1-4) represents a different species of ant. Ant species 3 and 4 are found on opposite sides of the Corrientes River in Argentina, and never occur together in the same geographic area. What type of speciation process is likely to have isolated these two species of ants?

Allopatric speciation

The Isthmus of Panama began to appear around 10 million years ago, and completely connected North and South America by 3 million years ago, which divided the Caribbean and Pacific oceans. An original 15 snapping shrimp species are hypothesized to have become 30 different species after being split into separate populations by the Isthmus of Panama. What kind of speciation is most likely to have caused this increase in snapping shrimp species around the Isthmus of Panama?

Allopatric speciation

What is the single most important factor in the development of a new species?

An interruption of gene flow (reproduction) between it and its ancestral species

Each tip (sp 1-4) represents a different species of ant. Species 1 is the outgroup. We have DNA sequences for all 4 species in the tree. If species 3 and 4 possessed a Thymine at nucleotide position 45, while species 1, and 2 possessed an Adenine, then what kind of character is the A nucleotide at position 45?

Ancestral

Viceroy butterflies contain distasteful chemicals that will make birds vomit if they ingest them. These butterflies have a bold pattern of black stripes over red wings, and are easily recognizable to potential predators. What kind of learning allows a bird to avoid consuming a Monarch or Viceroy butterfly after previous exposure to them?

Associative learning

What kind of trait is most often the product of inter-sexual selection?

Calling behavior by male insects in order to attract females

You discover a new species of fish in which the fathers brood the offspring in their mouths and provide extensive paternal care. The mother provides no maternal care and leaves the male immediately after laying her eggs. What kind of behavior in the male and female fish would we expect to find?

Choosy males

Why are females more selective in choosing mates than males for most mammal species?

Females generally invest more than males into each reproductive event

Which type of learning by a Whooping Crane led to her preferring the presence of humans over other Whooping Cranes? (This is also why the Crane Foundation needs to raise young cranes with volunteers dressed up like adult Whooping Cranes.)

Imprinting

Why is agreement between the fossil record and phylogenies constructed from living organisms considered strong evidence of evolution?

It is unlikely that two independent methods of investigation would result in the same pattern by chance alone.

A population of rodents, called population A, lived together in harmony on a large landmass until one group of the population dispersed to a nearby island. Two million years later, the island population is split into two smaller, equal-sized populations when a river formed across the middle of the island. Now two new species have evolved on the island, A1 and A2. They have replaced the population from which they were derived. Which represents the phylogeny of the populations discussed in this scenario?

K

Cicada Killer wasps capture and paralyze cicadas by stinging them, and then fly with their cicada to their burrow. They drag the paralyzed cicada into their burrows and then they lay an egg on it. Once the Cicada Killer larva hatches, it uses the still-living cicada as a food source while it develops. A biologist wants to determine how many neurons are involved in the neural circuit that produces the fixed action pattern of cicada capture in these wasps. This is a question about ___________________

Mechanism/Causation

Cicada Killer wasps capture and paralyze cicadas by stinging them, and then fly with their cicada to their burrow. They drag the paralyzed cicada into their burrows and then they lay an egg on it. Once the Cicada Killer larva hatches, it uses the still-living cicada as a food source while it develops. A biologist wants to determine what the sign stimulus is for the wasps' fixed action pattern of cicada capture. This is a question about ________________

Mechanism/Causation

You begin an experiment with two populations of E. coli that are each composed of 100 cells. The cells are all genetically identical (i.e., they are clones). You grow these populations in flasks on a lab bench under identical conditions with sufficient resources for the survival of all individuals. After 10,000 generations, you analyze the genome of each population. Do you expect the genomes of each population to be identical after 10,000 generations?

No, because mutation and genetic drift would be unlikely to proceed identically in both populations

Why is the fossil record not a complete catalogue of biological history?

Not all organisms fossilize with equal probability.

Male moths have large antennae that they use to find females. What do they use these antennae to detect in order to locate female moths for mating?

Pheromones

You observe a chimpanzee using a stick to dig termites out from a nest. How could you determine if this digging behavior is learned or innate?

Raise chimps in isolation from other chimps and see if the chimps still exhibit the behavior.

Each tip (sp 1-4) represents a different species of ant. Imagine that the Corrientes River was rerouted for dam construction and species 3 and 4 came back into contact. Several years later, biologists began to find hybrids between the two species of ants. What is(are) the eventual possible outcome(s)?

Stability of the separate lineages if the hybrids had lower fitness Reinforcement of reproductive isolation All of these Fusion of the two lineages into one

What is the importance of reproductive isolation to the biological species concept?

The biological species concept requires reproductive isolation between species

Honeybees are capable of remarkable communication. What information do bees communicate to other bees after they return to the hive regarding food sources?

The distance and direction of the food source

What can result in rapid sympatric speciation in plants?

The production of a polyploid adult that cannot combine gametes with any individuals possessing normal ploidy

Some species of jays(birds) live in family groups, where the parents continue to produce new broods of offspring while several young adults of a previous generation stay by the nest and help their parents raise more siblings. How would an animal behaviorist best explain the evolution of this altruistic behavior in the sons who have chosen to delay their own reproduction and help their parents?

The young adults are able to help propagate copies of their own genes in their siblings

Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?

a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation

Traits that are shared by multiple taxonomic groups, not because of common ancestry, but because they evolved in a similar environment are known as:

analogies

Males of different species of the fruit fly, Drosophila, that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making elaborate movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

behavioral isolation

How can fossils provide evidence for macroevolutionary processes, such as the divergence of two species from a common ancestor?

by exhibiting some features of ancestral organisms and some features of more derived organisms

Climate change has resulted in some polar bears coming further inland to look for food, bringing them into contact with grizzly bears. As a result, fertile hybrids of polar bears and grizzly bears have been recently found. What does this suggest was the most likely mechanism of reproductive isolation that has kept these two species separate in the past?

ecological isolation

A drawback of the biological species concept is that it CANNOT be applied to:

extinct and asexual organisms.

Compared to more distantly related taxa, the DNA sequences of two closely related taxa are expected to show:

fewer differences, because mutation rates are usually relatively constant and recently diverging species have had less time to accumulate differences.

In some large groups of plants, including dandelions, oaks, and willows, the biological species concept is complicated because the process of _____ allows gene flow to occur between _____ that can be easily distinguished based on appearance.

hybridization; morphospecies

Disruptive selection is a key component of sympatric speciation because it acts against the homogenizing effect of gene flow between the diverging populations. Imagine a case in which a bird population is undergoing disruptive selection on bill size in response to the availability of seeds to eat. The birds' environment contains two seed types, large and small, and lacks medium-sized seeds. Assume that a bird's ability to eat a seed is a direct function of its bill size (large bills are good for large seeds, and so on). Disruptive selection acts against birds with:

intermediate (medium-sized) bills.

Based on the diagram below (Figure 23.2 from your textbook), you predict that the earliest fossil gorilla (which may not resemble modern-day gorillas) would be _____ than the earliest fossil _____.

older; bonobo

When selecting among multiple possible phylogenetic trees that fit our data, we commonly use the principle of _____, which means we choose the _____ possible hypothesis. In phylogenetic analysis, that means selecting the tree that represents the _____ evolutionary changes or mutations.

parsimony; simplest; fewest

Many species of fruit flies feed on fruit produced by fruit trees. A mutation arises in a population of fruit flies that causes its carriers to change their host plant preference from tree species A to a different species of fruit tree (B). These flies complete their whole life cycles on the host tree, from birth to courtship and reproduction to death. If host species A and the host species B occur in the same geographic location, what type of process could potentially lead to speciation between populations of fruit flies with a different host tree preference?

peripatric

Male horses may mate with female zebras and produce a sterile hybrid called a hebra. The production of a hebra is an example of ________________

post-zygotic isolation

In what kind of environment are fossils most likely to form?

shallow lake bed

A moth flying toward a light is an example of _____. A sowbug speeding up and making random turns in a warm, bright environment is an example of _____.

taxis; kinesis

Each tip (sp 1-4) represents a different species of ant. True or False: Species 2 is more closely related to species 3 and 4 than it is to species 1.

true