BIO 412 FINAl ch. 40,41,43
Managing southeastern forests specifically for the red-cockaded woodpecker
included providing nesting cavities for breeding groups
According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same
niche
Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because
nutrients in plant biomass are not returned to the same soil they are harvested
Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?
red squirrels, who actively defend their territories
Which of the following most correctly represents biomanipulation through the top-down model?
removal of tertiary consumers, so that secondary consumers can increase
The introduction of the brown tree snake in the 1940s to the island of Guam has resulted in
the extinction of many of the island's bird and reptile species
What interactions exist between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite?
+/+
What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog?
+/-
What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack if they utilize the same food sources?
-/-
Imagine five forest communities, each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?
25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z
In July 2008, the U.S. population was approximately 302,000,000. If the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%, approximately how many total Americans were there in July 2009?
304,700,000
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year.
40 individuals added
Review the formula for effective population size: Ne(effective population) =4*Nf*Nm/Nf+Nm . Imagine a total population of 1,000 small rodents. Of these, 300 are breeding females, 300 are breeding males, and 400 are nonbreeding juveniles. What is the effective population size?
600
Which of the following refers to the reflecting and absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and water
greenhouse effect
Which of the following is the most direct threat to global biodiversity?
habitat destruction due to human activity
The primary difference between the small-population approach (S-PA) and the declining-population approach (D-PA) to biodiversity recovery is
S-PA is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather Han the environmental factors that caused the population's decline
In models of logistic population growth,
The population growth rate slows as N approaches K.
Imagine you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. You decide to reintroduce them. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriate size founding population, you do so. You watch the population increase for several generations and then graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). The graph will likely appear as
a J increasing with each generation
Which of the following is the most reasonable example of cryptic coloration?
a brownish twig-like bug living in a forest on the small branches of a willow tree
Which of the following describes a Type II survivorship curve?
a constant decline with a constant death rate over the life span
Biodiversity hot spots are not necessarily the best choice for nature preserves because
a hot spot for one group of organisms may not be a hot spot for another group
Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?
a non-poisonous gopher snake that looks like a venomous rattle snake
The growing season would generally be shortest in which of the following biomes?
a northern pine forest
Which marine zone is expected to have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)?
abyssal
A particular mountain range is subjected to prevailing winds. Which of the following contributes the most to a drier climate on the leeward side of the mountain range?
air that encounters mountains flows upwards cools at higher altitudes, and releases water on the windward side of the range
The difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that
am endangered species is closer to extinction
In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals?
an old-growth forest
Which of the following phrases best describes an ecological niche?
an organisms specific role in the community
Evapotranspiration varies based on the latitude of a community and the area a community occupies. Which of the following would result in the highest degree of evapotranspiration?
annual high solar radiation with much precipitation
species richness increases
as we travel southward from the North Pole to the equator.
Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as
biodiversity hot spots
The use of DDT as an insecticide in the United States has been outlawed since 1971, yet it is still a problem for certain top-level carnivores in the United States. Which of the following terms best explains this apparent incongruity?
biological magnification
What causes extremely high levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds?
biological magnification
Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration?
brightly colored skin on poison dart frogs
In which of the following terrestrial biome pairs are both biomes dependent upon periodic burning?
chaparral and savanna
According to the non-equilibrium model,
communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances
Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth?
competition for resources
Two species of bacteria with identical fundamental niches cannot permanently coexist together in a community. This phenomenon is best described as
competitive exclusion
Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with
competitive interaction between individuals of the same population
Which of the following methods would provide the most legitimate data on population density?
count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-m x 10-m plots, and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area that these plots represent
An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer per one square mile in one woodlot and 20 per one square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?
density
Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity?
density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality
Deserts typically occur in a band around 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude because
descending air masses originating from the tropical areas tend to be dry
Studying species transplants is a way that ecologists
determine if dispersal limited distribution of organisms
Your friend is wary of environmentalists' claims that climate change could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements should you use to support the biological predictions associated with climate change?
distribution of many organisms has already shifted as a result of warming
Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth?
earthquakes
Areas where terrestrial biomes grade into neighboring biomes way be wide or narrow. Which of the following terms best describes this intergradation?
ecotone
Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. If the elephants are taken away, the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?
elephants have a disparate influence on communities relative to their abundance
Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between
ensuring high offspring survival rates per reproductive episode and the cost of parental care
What is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems?
eutrophication
How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying a fundamental niche or a realized niche?
examine changers in the species range upon removal of a competitor
Which of the following terms is most correct in describing any interaction in which one of two species benefits by feeding on the other species?
exploitation
How might the extinction of some Pacific Island bats called flying foxes threaten the survival of over 75% of the tree species in those islands?
flying foxes pollinate tree flowers and disperse seeds
Which of the following is consistent with forest fragmentation research?
forest interior species how declines in population in small patch communities
Trees are rare in the savanna biome because of
frequent fires
What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations?
genes for adaptive traits to local conditions make microevolution possible
Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex?
genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time
Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations?
intraspecific competition for nutrients
Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt =rN. What does "r" represent in the equation?
intrinsic rate of increase, an individuals contribution of the change in growth
In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to 8 after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)
keystone species
Overharvesting encourages extinction and is most likely to affect
large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates
Which of the following is considered to be a pioneer species colonizing Glacier Bay during primary succession?
liverworts
Consider two forests: one is an undisturbed old-growth forest, and the other has recently been logged. In which forest are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why?
logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow
Which of the following models is used to examine decreases in the rate of population growth as population size approaches carrying capacity?
logistic growth model
Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?
moderate levels of disturbance open up new habitats for less competitive species
Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?
mutualism
Coral reefs can be found on the southeast coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southwest coast. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this?
ocean currents
Which of the following is an expected characteristic of K-selected populations?
offspring born with good chances of survival
Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes and can be harmed if nutrients and water are scarce in the environment. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?
parasitism
Brown-headed cowbirds, an edge-adapted species, utilize fragmented forests effectively by
parasitizing forest bird nests and feeding on open-field insects in their patches
Suppose you attend a town meeting at which some experts tell the audience that they have performed a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transit system that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The analysis, however, reveals that ticket prices will not cover the cost of operating the system when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. As a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis, the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economic analyses?
people take them for granted because we generally do not pay for them
What is the limiting factor for the growth of trees in the tundra?
permafrost
What is a metapopulation?
populations that are linked by immigration and emigration
Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These air pollutants can be responsible for
precipitation with a pH as low as 3.0
In a lake with three trophic levels (non-native fish, zooplankton, algae), how might an algal bloom be prevented?
remove the non-native fish
In 1988, a severe drought contributed to a forest fire in Yellowstone National Park. Approximately one year later, herbaceous plants, unlike those in the original forest, covered the forest floor. Which of the following most correctly describes the process of this herbaceous growth?
secondary succession
Which of the following best describes resource partitioning?
slight variations in a specie's niche that allows for similar species to coexist
Which of the following is a correct statement about the Island Equilibrium Model?
small islands, a far distance from the mainland, receive few new immigrant species
Which of the following is true about the current research regarding forest fragmentation?
small patches of forest result in lesser biodiversity of forest-interior species
The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its plane of orbit is 23.5 degrees. Which of the following events might you predict to occur if the angle of tilt increased to 33 1/2 degrees?
summers in the United States would likely become warmer
Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between
sympatric populations of species with similar niches
If global warming continues at its present rate, which biomes will likely take the place of the coniferous forest?
temperate broadleaf forest and grassland
Which of the following is the best natural example of uniform distribution
territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season
It is estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why, then, do we say we are now experiencing an extinction (loss of biodiversity) crisis?
the current rate of extinction is high, and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels
Carrying capacity is
the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
What is population dispersion?
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?
the population growth rate will approach zero
Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because
the rate of extinction is higher than former rates
How can human-caused environmental changes create problems for selecting a site for a preserve?
the sites environmental conditions may change because of climate change
The success with which plants extend their range northward following glacial retreat is best determined by
their seed dispersal rate
Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 km from where they are born and become 1-8% of the males and 0.7-6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant?
these immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the newly formed squirrel populations
Which of the following is a likely explanation for why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced?
they're not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that effect native species
According to the small-population approach, what would be the best strategy for saving a population from extinction in its current environment?
translocating the same species from other areas
The feeding relationships between species in a community is called
trophic structure
Why do tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?
tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities
Which of the following ecological locations, if destroyed, would result in the greatest loss of species diversity?
tropical rain forest