Bio Cell Test

Chromatin

In the nucleus and is made of DNA and protein, contains genes. Provides instruction for the cells activities (growth + reproduction)

Cytoplasm

Jelly like substance that contains organelles. Pads and supports organelles inside the cell. Moves by cylosis

Mitochondria

Location in the cytoplasm, bean shaped. Supplies energy or ATP for the cell through cell respiration using glucose and oxygen

What is facilitated diffusion?

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

What is endocytosis?

The cell membrane engulfing substance to bring them into the cell

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Through phospholipids

What did Leeuwenhoek discover?

bacteria

Centriole

small cylindrical. Used with the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Found only in Animal cells

Isotomic

solutes outside of cell are equal to the inside of cell

Name the English scientist who is credited with discovery of the cell.

Hooke

Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells

Hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

What are prokayotic cells?

Bacteria/archae no nucleus free floating DNA only unicellular no membrane bound organelles

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Clear, tubular system of tunnels throughout the cell covered in ribosomes (cause the organelle to be "rough"). Makes and transports proteins around the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Clear, tubular system of tunnels throughout the cell. Makes fats and steroid hormones. Processes and removes toxins (found in abundance in the liver cells), stores calcium in muscle cells

Cytoskeleton

Gives the cell its shape and provides strength

Chloroplast

Green structures that contain chlorophyll. Captures sunlight and uses it to produce food through photosynthesis. Only in plants

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

What are eukaryotic cells?

Has nucleus Unicellular or multicellular has membrane bound organelles plants, animals, fungi, protists

passive transport

No energy required high concentration -> low concentration diffusion facilitated diffusion

active transport

Requires ATP energy Low concentration -> High concentration Types: Protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

Cell wall

Rigid, tough, made of cellulose. Protects and support the cell. Found in Plant cells

name of the German botanist (one who studies plants) from the 1800s, and what was this German botanist famous for?

Schleiden discovered that all plants are made of cells

Name of German scientist that studied animals and what was their discovery

Schwann discovered that all animals are made of cells.

Golgi Body

Small bags with tubes connecting them. Packages and secrets proteins for use in and out of the cell

Nuclelous

Small dark area in the nucleus. Produces ribosomes

What type of molecules easily mass through the cell membrane?

Small hydrophobic (usually nonpolar) molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross membranes rapidly. Small polar molecules, such as water and ethanol, can also pass through membranes, but they do so more slowly.

Ribosomes

Small specks of RNA found in cytoplasm or in the endoplasmic reticulum. Makes proteins

Lysosomes

Small, round structures, containing enzymes. Digests older cell parts, food, or other objects

What are protein pumps?

Sodium/potasiom pumps - pumps ions against concentration gradient (low -> high)

What part of the cell theory did Schleiden and Schwann disagree on?

That all cells came from preexisting cells. Schleiden believed that cells appear spontaneously. Schwann believed that cells came from preexisting cells. Schwann was right.

Nuclear membrane

Thin covering over the nucleus. Covers and protects the nucleus.

Cell membrane

Thin, covering, protects cells. Performs active and passive transport. moves materials in and out of the cell, communication

Exocytosis

cell membrane changing shape to force substances out of the cell

Nucleus

dense, ball shaped structure, contains DNA. Controls all of the cell's activities

Vacuole

large open storage area, smaller in animal cells. Storage tank for food, water, wastes, or enzymes

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a combination among several different prokaryotic organisms

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement