Bio Cell Test
Chromatin
In the nucleus and is made of DNA and protein, contains genes. Provides instruction for the cells activities (growth + reproduction)
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance that contains organelles. Pads and supports organelles inside the cell. Moves by cylosis
Mitochondria
Location in the cytoplasm, bean shaped. Supplies energy or ATP for the cell through cell respiration using glucose and oxygen
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
What is endocytosis?
The cell membrane engulfing substance to bring them into the cell
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Through phospholipids
What did Leeuwenhoek discover?
bacteria
Centriole
small cylindrical. Used with the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Found only in Animal cells
Isotomic
solutes outside of cell are equal to the inside of cell
Name the English scientist who is credited with discovery of the cell.
Hooke
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
What are prokayotic cells?
Bacteria/archae no nucleus free floating DNA only unicellular no membrane bound organelles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Clear, tubular system of tunnels throughout the cell covered in ribosomes (cause the organelle to be "rough"). Makes and transports proteins around the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Clear, tubular system of tunnels throughout the cell. Makes fats and steroid hormones. Processes and removes toxins (found in abundance in the liver cells), stores calcium in muscle cells
Cytoskeleton
Gives the cell its shape and provides strength
Chloroplast
Green structures that contain chlorophyll. Captures sunlight and uses it to produce food through photosynthesis. Only in plants
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
What are eukaryotic cells?
Has nucleus Unicellular or multicellular has membrane bound organelles plants, animals, fungi, protists
passive transport
No energy required high concentration -> low concentration diffusion facilitated diffusion
active transport
Requires ATP energy Low concentration -> High concentration Types: Protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis
Cell wall
Rigid, tough, made of cellulose. Protects and support the cell. Found in Plant cells
name of the German botanist (one who studies plants) from the 1800s, and what was this German botanist famous for?
Schleiden discovered that all plants are made of cells
Name of German scientist that studied animals and what was their discovery
Schwann discovered that all animals are made of cells.
Golgi Body
Small bags with tubes connecting them. Packages and secrets proteins for use in and out of the cell
Nuclelous
Small dark area in the nucleus. Produces ribosomes
What type of molecules easily mass through the cell membrane?
Small hydrophobic (usually nonpolar) molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross membranes rapidly. Small polar molecules, such as water and ethanol, can also pass through membranes, but they do so more slowly.
Ribosomes
Small specks of RNA found in cytoplasm or in the endoplasmic reticulum. Makes proteins
Lysosomes
Small, round structures, containing enzymes. Digests older cell parts, food, or other objects
What are protein pumps?
Sodium/potasiom pumps - pumps ions against concentration gradient (low -> high)
What part of the cell theory did Schleiden and Schwann disagree on?
That all cells came from preexisting cells. Schleiden believed that cells appear spontaneously. Schwann believed that cells came from preexisting cells. Schwann was right.
Nuclear membrane
Thin covering over the nucleus. Covers and protects the nucleus.
Cell membrane
Thin, covering, protects cells. Performs active and passive transport. moves materials in and out of the cell, communication
Exocytosis
cell membrane changing shape to force substances out of the cell
Nucleus
dense, ball shaped structure, contains DNA. Controls all of the cell's activities
Vacuole
large open storage area, smaller in animal cells. Storage tank for food, water, wastes, or enzymes
endosymbiotic theory
theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a combination among several different prokaryotic organisms
Flagella
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement