bio ch. 35

vitamin ___ is used to synthesize the light-capturing molecule in the retina of the eye

A

vitamin ___ is required for bone formation

D

vitamin ___ is an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals that form in the body

E

Why would it not be beneficial to get a colon cleansing or colonic so that the large intestine is flushed with fresh water? a. It will also clean the large intestine of its bacterial colonies that synthesize vitamins. b. It will rid the body of food that has yet to be digested. c. It will pull a layer of villi from the large intestine and it will take weeks to replace it. d. It will cleanse the body of the layer of cells that secrete protease and lipase.

a. It will also clean the large intestine of its bacterial colonies that synthesize vitamins.

In humans, most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in the __________ a. small intestine b. stomach c. mouth d. large intestine e. esophagus

a. small intestine

___: the small subunits are transported out of the digestive tract through cells lining the digestive tract to the blood for use by the body cells

absorption

____ form the building blocks of protein

amino acids

When exercising, energy sources are burned in what order? a. Glucose, protein, fat b. Glucose, glycogen, fatty acids c. Glycogen, glucose, protein d. Protein, fat, glycogen

b. Glucose, glycogen, fatty acids

Why is there so much folding in the intestines? a. Poor evolutionary design b. To increase surface area c. To house a large amount of bacteria that aid in digestion d. Increased oxygen flow

b. To increase surface area

Which vitamin can humans synthesize? a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin K d. Vitamin B12

b. Vitamin D

What is the downfall of a body equipped with a gastrovascular cavity? a. The organism has to feed very frequently to get enough nutrients out of its food sources. b. If the seawater does not have enough nutrients, the organism may starve to death. c. Nutrients and energy sources can be lost as food is taken in and wastes are expelled through the same opening. d. Because this is such a simple digestive system, other systems cannot function at the same time or nutrients will be lost to the environment.

c. Nutrients and energy sources can be lost as food is taken in and wastes are expelled through the same opening.

What happens to excesses of any vitamin that is not vitamin A, D, E, or K? a. They are stored in the fat. b. They are absorbed and converted by the liver. c. They are excreted in the urine because they are water soluble. d. They are absorbed by the small intestines and saved until they are needed.

c. They are excreted in the urine because they are water soluble.

a mixture of partially digested food and acidic stomach secretions is called _____

chyme

the large intestine is about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches wide; most is the ____ but the last 6 inches is called the ____

colon rectum

Do sponges have a digestive system? a. Yes. They have a complete digestive system. b. Yes. They have a partial digestive system. c. No. They only have specialized digestive organs. d. No. They do not have a digestive system or any specialized digestive organs.

d. No. They do not have a digestive system or any specialized digestive organs.

____ is the process that physically grinds up food and then chemically breaks it down into simpler molecules

digestion

___ is in the small intestine and receives chyme from the stomach

duodenum

____: indigestible materials are expelled from body

elimination

what is one essential nutrient for humans?

fatty acids

____ efficiency impairs cell division throughout the body

folic acid

____: is used by animals for short-term energy storage ("carbo-loading")

glycogen

the ____ will trigger hunger

hypothalamus

____: food is brought into the digestive tract through an opening

ingestion

___: digestion occurs within individual cells

intracellular digestion

in the ____ and ____ (which empties into the large intestine), digestion and nutrient absorption are completed.

jejunum and ileum

the sphincter at the top called the _____ keeps food and stomach acid from sloshing up into the esophagus

lower esophageal sphincter

____: the food is physically broken down into smaller pieces with a greater surface area than larger particles, allowing digestive enzymes to work more efficiently.

mechanical digestion

the speed at which cellular reactions occur is called the ____

metabolic rate

____ are substance obtained from the environment that organisms need for their growth and survival

nutrients

the _____ lies in the loop between the stomach and the small intestine

pancreas

muscles surrounding the esophagus produce waves of muscular contraction, called ____, which propel food into the stomach

peristalsis

the tongue pushes food into the ____, a cavity between the mouth and esophagus

pharynx

____ contains bacteria-killing enzymes and antibodies to guard against infection

saliva

two additional hormones, ____ and ____, are released into the bloodstream by cells of the duodenum in response to the acidity of chyme and the nutrients

secretin and cholecystokinin

most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the ____

small intestine

____ are digestive systems that are one-way tubes that begin with a mouth and end with an anus

tubular digestive systems

____ are organic molecules that animals require in small amounts for normal cell function, growth, and development.

vitamins

what four vitamins are fat soluble?

vitamins A, D, E, and K

vitamin ___ helps to regulate blood clotting

K

The food group that provides the most concentrated energy source is____ a. Lipids b. Carbohydrates c. Proteins d. Minerals e. Vitamins

a. Lipids

The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1C is called __________ a. a calorie b. the metabolic rate c. cellular respiration d. the BMI

a. a calorie

saliva contains ____, a digestive enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars

amylase

What are the stages of digestion in order? a. Ingestion, chemical breakdown, mechanical breakdown, absorption, and elimination b. Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown, absorption, and elimination c. Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, absorption, chemical breakdown, and elimination d. Ingestion, absorption, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown, and elimination

b. Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown, absorption, and elimination

Food moves down the esophagus by _______. a. gravity b. peristalsis c. sphincter contraction d. lacteal contraction

b. peristalsis

Why do you need a balanced diet? a. To get an equal amount of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins b. To get an equal amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins c. To get the right amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins d. To be able to produce essential amino acids and essential fatty acids

c. To get the right amount of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins

a ____ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 C.

calorie

____ are a quick source of energy

carbohydrates

what are the six major categories of nutrients?

carbohydrates lipids proteins minerals vitamins water

_____: the major structural component of plant cell walls, s the most abundant carbohydrate on the planet

cellulose

____: digestive chemicals and enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller subunits

chemical digestion

Can protein and fat be metabolized to generate ATP in cellular respiration? a. No. Only sugar can be processed to generate ATP in cellular respiration. b. No. Protein and fat are never broken down in the cell because they are important cellular components. c. Yes. Protein and fat have their own separate metabolic pathways that are like cellular respiration. d. Yes. Protein and fat get broken down into molecules that are funneled into the process of cellular respiration.

d. Yes. Protein and fat get broken down into molecules that are funneled into the process of cellular respiration.

An essential nutrient is one that________ a. is required in large amounts b. is used for energy storage c. can be found only in animal products d. cannot be made by the animal

d. cannot be made by the animal

A protease such as pepsin breaks down _________ and a lipase such as human pancreatic lipase breaks down _________. a. carbohydrates; lipids b. lipids; protein c. protein; carbohydrates d. protein; lipids

d. protein; lipids

a second sphincter, called ____, separates the lower portion of the stomach from the user small intestine

pyloric sphincter

the ____ fold over the larynx, which lease to the trachea and the lungs

epiglottis

swallowing forces food into a muscular tube called the ____

esophagus

the ____ conducts food to the stomach, where mechanical and chemical digestion continue

esophagus

these ____ must be obtained from protein-rich foods such as meat, milk, eggs, etc.

essential amino-acids

____ are certain raw materials which cannot be synthesized and must be supplied in the diet

essential nutrients

____: all animals except sponges have evolved a chamber within the body in which food is broken down by enzymes outside the cell

extracellular digestion

bile synthesized in the liver is stored and concentrated in the ____

gallbladder

the ____ are clusters of specialized epithelial cells that line million of microscopic pits in the stomach lining

gastric glands

____ is a peptide recreated by gastric cells in the stomach lining

ghrelin

two appetite-regulating hormones discovered in the 1990s are ____ and ____

leptin and ghrelin

the ___ is perhaps the most versatile (multitasking) organ in the body

liver

the ____ produces bile

liver

____ are elements that play many crucial roles in animal nutrition and can only be obtained in the diet or dissolved in drinking water

minerals

what are five major organs of the vertebrate digestive system?

mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

food is retained in the stomach by two rings of circular muscles, called ____

sphincter muscles

_____: is the principle energy-storage material of plants, and a major source of energy for humans and many other animals

starch

food enters the _____, an expandable muscular sac

stomach

the esophagus conducts food to the ____, where mechanical and chemical digestion continue

stomach

the ____ is about 5 feet long and 2.5 inches wide

the large intestine