Bio chapter 14

Select all of the following that are components of a nucleotide

Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

As the lagging strand is being synthesized, adjacent Okazaki fragments ar enjoined by the enzyme DNA BLANK

Ligase

What type of repair mechanism is responsible for removing bases that were incorrectly inserted into DNA during replication

Mismatch repair

What is not required for DNA replication

NADPH

List several differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication

Number of origins of replication, structure of chromosome, complexity of enzymology

Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication are found at the replication fork in all three types of cells

Primase, polymerases, helicase, sliding clamp, clamp loader

The function of telomeres is to

Protect the ends of chrimosomes

The function of telomeres is to

Protect the ends of chromosomes

Leading strands

synthesized continuously

Short, repeating sequences of DNA are characteristic of

Telomeres

Which of the following are short repeats of DNA on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Telomeres

Which three items are required for DNA replication

Template, nucleotides, polymerase

Polymerase

Attaches a nucleotide to the 3' end of the DNA strand

DNAs phosphodiester BLANK is composed of sugars and phosphates

Backbone

Nucleotides contains sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous BLANK

Base

Genes, which contain trait specifying information, are located on

Chromosomes

In their experiments, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty isolated a substance, which had a transforming activity. Which of the following destroyed that substances ability to transform bacterial cells

DNA digesting enzymes

The enzyme that relieves DNA super coiling ahead of the replication fork is

DNA gyrase

Which of the following facilitates the reversal of damage to our hereditary material before permanent mutation can occur

DNA repair systems

This model of DNA replication suggests that nearly synthesized strands of DNA have mixtures of parental and newly synthesized strands of DNA

Dispersive

In order for mismatch repair to occur in a bacterial cell the inside machinery must be able to

Distinguish between the template strand and a newly synthesized strand

The interaction of two strands of DNA via hydrogen bonds is the

Double helix

The level of DNA structure that resembles a spiral staircase is

Double helix

And BLANK cuts internally and an BLANK cuts at the ends of DNA

Endonuclease, exonuclease

The model organism used by Meselson and Stahl was

Escherichia coli

Based on replication proteins, DNA replication in archaea is most similar to that of

Eukaryotes

Which types of cells have more than one origin of replication

Eukaryotes

This type of primates is a combination of RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase that makes short RNA primers and then extends them with DNA to produce the final primer:

Eukaryotic

E. coli polymerase I,II, and III have 3' to 5' BLANK activity, which provides them with a proofreading function, I.e. they can remove a mispaired base

Exonuclease

In order for mismatch repair to occur in a bacterial cell, the enzyme machinery must be able to distinguish between the template strand and a newly synthesized strand. How is that achieved

For a short period of time after replication, the sequence GATC is methylated at the A only on the template strand

Which of the following chromosomal entities are an individuals traits specified

Genes

The enzyme BLANK uses ATP to unwind the DNA template

Helicase

Experiments with radioactively labeled phage that showed that DNA was the genetic material were performed by

Hershey and chase

The primary purpose of the Meselson and Stahl experiments was to determine

How DNA replicates

Which DNA polymerase removes and replicate RNA primer segments in the synthesis of the lagging stand because it has 5' to 3' exonuclease activity

I

On this strand, the removal of the last primer leaves a gap that cannot be primed at the ends of the chromosome

Lagging

DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is complicated by the fact that eukaryotic cells have

Linear chromosomes

Primase

Makes a 10-12 bp complementary primer to the DNA

The experiments used to distinguish between the three potential DNA replication mechanisms were performed by

Meselson and Stahl

DNA primase

Mixer primer about 10 to 20 nucleotides in length, makes a primer of RNA complementary to the DNA

Agents that cause mutation are known as

Mutagens

Radiation, UV light, x-rays, and chemicals in the environment can cause mutations in DNA and are therefore referred to as

Mutagens

What is the name of the subunit that acts as the sliding clamp, which keeps the replicating enzyme complex attached to the template and eukaryotic cells

PCNA

Franklin determined that the structure of DNA was helical based on

X-ray diffraction analysis

DNA black bone is composed of

Phosphate groups, sugars

The enzyme BLANK can repair UV damage by binding to a thymine dimer and cleaning it, therefore restoring two thymines

Photolysase

The enzyme BLANK DNA synthesizes RNA primers required by DNA polymerase during replication

Primase

In the reptile sound, the BLANK is composed of premise, helicase, and accessory proteins to prime the lagging strand

Primosome

Choose all characteristics of the transforming substance isolated by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty

Protein digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability, RNA digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability, the elemental composition of the substance was very similar to that of DNA, DNA digesting enzymes destroyed its transforming ability

Which enzymes did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty use in order to identify the genetic material

Protein digesting enzymes, RNA digesting enzymes, DNA digesting enzymes

The results of the Hershey and chase experiments suggested that DNA was the genetic material because

Radioactive bacterial phage DNA was found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

The DNA controlled by an origin is called a

Replicon

DNA replication that leads to the production of double helix is with one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand is consistent with

Semi conservative replication

When the double stranded DNA helix is unwound, two single strands of DNA are formed. These strands have to be stabilized because their hydrophobic bases are exposed to water. The proteins that stabilize the two single strands are called

Single-strand binding proteins

BLANK repair systems target a single kind of lesion in DNA and repair only that damage, while BLANK repair systems use a single mechanism to repair multiple kinds of lesions in DNA

Specific, nonspecific

Play's the steps of lagging strand synthesis in the correct order

Synthesize primers using primates, synthesize DNA, replace RNA primers of DNA, seal nicks in the DNA

Lagging strands

Synthesized in small fragments that are later connected

Consider a double-stranded DNA molecule. In complementary base pairing, A pairs with BLANK and C pairs with BLANK

T, G

The enzyme BLANK contains a small internal piece of RNA, which is used as a template to extend the end of a linear DNA molecule

Telomerase

Griffiths experiments were important because they showed

That the genetic material can be passed from one cell to another

Which model for DNA replication suggests that both strands of the double helix remain intact a lady and a double force consists of two new DNA strands

The conservative model

The problems in replicating the ends of linear chromosomes are caused by

The directionality of polymerase, The need for a primer

The enzymes in the replisome are active on

The leading and lagging strands

DNA repair mechanisms have likely evolved because

There is no way for cells to avoid exposure to mutagens

Why do eukaryotic cells have multiple organs of replication

To ensure timely replication of multiple, relatively large Chromosomes

Griffith performed experiments, which demonstrated

Transformation in bacteria

X-ray diffraction was used to determine that the diameter of a DNA molecule is

2 nm

How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine in the DNA double helix

3

A segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-ATGCCC-3'. The complementary sequence would be

5'-GGGCAT-3'

The DNA structure proposed by Watson and crick involves

A helical structure, two grooves (major and minor), A sugar phosphate backbone

Tell him he rescues as which of the following as a template

A short internal RNA

Bacterial DNA is typically replicated as

A single replicon

What is a thymine dimer

A site for two adjacent thymine bases become covalently cross linked to each other

The two main eukaryotic DNA polymerases that extend DNA are

Delta, epsilon

In an aging cell, the activity of telomerase would be

Low

Telomeres are related to

cellular aging

three phases of DNA replication

initiation, elongation, termination

Gyrase

relieves supercoiling ahead of replication fork

Helicase

unwinds the double helix