Bio-Chapter 20-Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea

Chemoautotrophs oxidize which of the following to obtain the energy necessary to reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound? hydrogen gas hydrogen sulfide ammonia All of the above choices are correct. hydrogen sulfide and ammonia only.

All of the above choices are correct.

Halophiles Require a high salt environment. Have a chloride pump that pumps chloride into the cell. May be chemoheterotrophs or photosynthetic. All of the above choices are correct. Require a high temperature in order to survive

All of the above choices are correct.

Which of the following could be used to grow lysogenic viruses in the laboratory? chicken eggs cell culture bacteria All of the choices could be used.

All of the choices could be used.

On average, the size of virus is about ______

10-400 nm

Which type of symbiotic relationship are there no examples of in the domain Archaea?

Parasitism

Identify the correct sequence of events that occur during the reproduction of HIV. Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - mature viruses leave the host cell Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - reverse transcriptase occurs - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell

Virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell

Which of the following is part of a viroid?

RNA

Which of the following is not part of the reproduction cycle of HIV? Biosynthesis of the viral mRNA Reverse transcription of the viral RNA Reverse transcription of the viral DNA Maturation of the viruses

Reverse transcription of the viral DNA

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and fungi. True False

True

An environmental change, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, may cause a lysogenic virus to enter a lytic cycle. True False

True

Most prokaryotes reproduce via:

binary fission

A glycocalyx that consists of a well-organized layer of polysaccharide is called a _____, while a loosely organized layer is called a _____.

capsule; slime layer

Which structure of prokaryotic cell prevents the cell from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic pressure changes?

cell wall

An internal structure formed by a bacterial cell that functions in dispersal and survival in a harsh environment is called a(n) ______.

endospore

A host that carries a prophage is called a ____ cell.

lysogenic

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria stain differently because they have different amounts of _____ in their cell walls.

peptidoglycan

The unique molecule found in bacterial cell walls that is composed of unique combinations of sugars and amino acids:

peptidoglycan

The viral enzyme found in retroviruses that is capable of converting their RNA genome into a DNA copy is called ______ ______.

reverse transcriptase

Which enzyme enables a retrovirus to convert its' RNA genome into DNA? DNA ligase reverse helicase reverse transcriptase DNA helicase

reverse transcriptase

A bacterium that functions in decomposition by secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing the resulting nutrients into its cell is called a(n) _______.

saprotroph

Similarities between the archaea and eukarya include same ribosomal proteins. similar tRNA. similar initiation of transcription. All of the choices are correct similarities. same ribosomal proteins and different initiation of transcription.

All of the choices are correct similarities.

What are the two Domains that the prokaryotes are classified under? Archaea & Eukarya Protista & Archaea Eukarya & Bacteria Archaea & Bacteria

Archaea & Bacteria

What is the correct sequence of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection? Attachment, Fusion of envelope and host cell membrane, Biosynthesis, Maturation, and Release Attachment, Viral DNA penetration into host cell, Integration of viral DNA into host cell DNA, Biosythesis, Maturation, Release Endocytosis of virion, Uncoating, Maturation, and Release Attachment, Viral DNA penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release

Attachment, Viral DNA penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release

Which of the following does not match a type of virus to its specific type of host cell?

Bacteriophage-lung cells

The thermoacidophiles living in hot springs would be classified as:

archaeans

A virus that infects only bacterial cells is called a(n)

bacteriophage

A dramatic increase in cyano bacterial numbers in a lake as a result of human pollution is called a cyanobacterial _____

bloom

The protective protein coat surrounding the genetic material of a virus:

capsid

Which of these is the best description of a virus? a cell at the boundary between living and nonliving things a member of the kingdom Virusae a noncellular living organism one of the smallest bacteria known chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell

A bacterium that needs to take in organic nutrients to survive is called a ______

chemoautotroph.

The innermost portion of a virus' structure is made up of a membranous envelope. a protein capsid. both DNA and RNA. either DNA or RNA. spikes. References Multiple Choice

either DNA or RNA.

A newly identified virus that becomes more prominent because of its ability to cause serious disease is a (n) _____ virus.

emerging

An enveloped virus enters a host cell by: injecting its DNA or RNA into the host cell. fusion of its envelope with the host cell's plasma envelope. endocytosis. engulfing the host cell and incorporating its organelles as its own. Both choices B and C are correct choices.

endocytosis.

When conditions are unfavorable, some Gram positive bacteria form capsules. thylakoids. endospores. galls. pili.

endospores.

The short bristle-like fibers that may allow a prokaryote to attach to the surface of a host cell are called:

fimbriae

The structure that rotates 360 degrees to allow for cellular movement is called a

flagellum

If a virus is latent, it has not entered a lytic cycle. has not entered a lysogenic cycle. cannot be a retrovirus. is easy to develop immunity against it. is gaining a new envelope via "budding." References Multiple Choi

has not entered a lytic cycle.

The cycle of viral infection of a bacterial cell that will cause its death most rapidly is called the _______ cycle. lysogenic lysol lytic lysozyme lysosome

lytic

Biogas, produced by _____ contributes to 65% of the methane gas in our atmosphere which is contributing to the greenhouse effect an global warming

methanogens

A cytoplasmic region of prokaryotic cells where chromosomal DNA is located:

nucleoid

An organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen gas is a(n):

obligate anaerobe

A _____ is any organism that causes disease, including parasitic bacteria.

pathogen

Thermoacidophiles can survive very high temperature due to the unique composition of their:

plasma membrane

Pasteur chose the Latin root word for "virus" meaning non-living. poison. particle. extremely small. contagious.

poison.

Infectious particle consisting of protein only and no nucleic acid (usually associated with mad cow disease):

prion

The term ____ refers to any organism that has neither a nucleus nor cytoplasmic organelles beyond ribosomes.

prokaryote

Bacteria are classified as _____ cells

prokaryotic

A virus with a RNA genome that utilizes reverse transcriptase is a:

retrovirus

The disease that results from bacterial infection that involved sustained muscle contraction without relaxation is called _____.

tetanus

Which bacteriophage life cycle can result in the formation of a prophage, latent viral DNA that is replicated along with the host DNA?

the lysogenic cycle

Viruses are categorized according to all of the following EXCEPT their type of nucleic acid. size and shape. the presence of absence of an envelope. their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.

their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual.

The type of Archaea that lives in hot , acidic, aquatic habitats, such as hot springs or near hydrothermal vents is called a ___.

thermoacidophile

Which of the following is a mismatch? methanogens - prefer anaerobic environments halophiles - live in high salt environments thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures thermoacidophiles - live in high temperatures and acidic environments

thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures

All of the following are true of methanogens EXCEPT they live in swamps and marshes. their biogas may contribute to global warming. they are harmful human pathogens. they live in the intestinal tracts of cows, humans, and termites. they produce methane from CO2 and H2.

they are harmful human pathogens.

A poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissue is a(n):

toxin

Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another in a process called conjugation. replication. transduction. infection. transformation.

transduction

_____ occurs when a cell takes on extracellular pieces of DNA.

transformation

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA that were secreted by live bacteria or released from dead bacteria in their environment. This process is called transduction. conjugation. infection. transformation. replication.

transformation.

A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can metabolize effectively in the presence or absence of oxygen. True False

true

A non cellular parasitic agent consisting of an outer proteinaceous capsid and an inner core of nucleic acid.

virus

AIDS, polio, rabies and the common cold are all examples of infectious diseases which are caused by:

viruses

Ivanowsky first recognized that something smaller than a bacterium, called a filterable virus, was able to cause disease in the year 1965. 2001. 1650. 1892. 1700.

1892

Some, but not all, virus capsids are surrounded by _________. a protein capsid both DNA and RNA a membranous envelope a protein spore coat either DNA or RNA

a membranous envelope

Prokaryotes are now divided into the bacteria and cyanobacteria. archaea and cyanobacteria. photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria. autotrophs and heterotrophs. archaea and bacteria.

archaea and bacteria

______ result from a symbiotic relationship between certain fungi and algae, in which the fungi possible provide inorganic food or water and the algae provide organic food from photosynthesis.

lichens

Study the life cycle diagram. Label B is the ________ life cycle. lytic alternation of generations sexual lysogenic

lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA is called the _______ cycle. lysogenic lysosome lysozyme lysol lytic

lysogenic

Study the life cycle diagram. Label A is the ________ life cycle. lysogenic alternation of generations lytic sexual

lytic

What is a plasmid?

Extrachromosomal loops of DNA that usually carry accessory genes.

Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as Shanghai H1N1 or Mexico City H2N2. The viruses vary in H and N surface proteins because when infected people develop immunity to the present virus, strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas. these viruses emerged as stray DNA from the genomes of people in these cities. the viruses reproduce and attack people in cities more often. this is where the antibodies of immune people began to break down and the old virus was again virulent.

when infected people develop immunity to the present virus, strains that mutate sufficiently to be outside the range of immunity are soon spread in highly populated areas.

Identify the labeled features of the typical prokarytoic cell: A B C D E

-Fimbriae -Nucleoid -Conjugation Pilus -Flagellum -Cytoplasm

Spiral-shaped bacteria Rod-shaped bacteria forming a chain round bacteria forming a cluster

-Spirillum -Streptobacilli -Staphylococci

Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism

-Symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited. -Symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while harming the other. -Symbiotic relationship in both species benefit from the association.

Which of the following are found in all viruses?

-capsid -nucleic acid core -proteins

In the laboratory, viruses are often maintained using:

-chicken embryos -tissue culture

Which are the common methods by which a virus can rapidly " emerge" and cause human illness?

-extension of the viral range -viral mutataion

Archaeans differ from bacteria in that their cell membranes have unusual ____, and their cell walls do not contain ____.

-lipids -peptidoglycan

The main classes of antibiotics function to inhibit the photosynthesis of which of the following?

-protein -cell wall

Which of the following are similarities between domains Archaea and Eukarya?

-ribosomal proteins -types of tRNA -initiation of transcription

Which of the following are criteria for categorizing viruses?

-type of nucleic acid -presense of envelope -size and shape

Why are viruses considered non-living?

-viruses do not respond to stimuli -viruses require a host cell to replicate -viruses cannot carry out their own metabolic functions.

Place the following substance in the correct order as they are transformed by nitrifying bacteria:

1 Ammonia (NH3) 2 Nitrites (NO2) 3 Nitrates (NO3)

List the steps of viral lytic cycle in the correct sequence:

1 Attachment 2 Penetration 3 Biosynthesis 4 Maturation 5 Release

List the following from smallest to largest:

1 viroid 2 virus 3 prokaryote 4 eukaryote

Prokaryotes generally range in size from 10-400 nm. 50-100nm. 10-100 µm. 20-300 mm. 1-10 µm.

1-10 µm.

A Gram-negative bacteria will have a peptidoglycan layer that is sandwiched between two plasma membranes and will stain purple. True False

False

Eukarya are believed to have diverged from the bacterial line of descent. The Eukarya are, therefore, more closely related to the Bacteria than to the Archaea. True False

False

Which of these best describe a photoautotroph?

Organisms able to synthesize organic molecules by using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and sunlight as the energy source.

Which description best describes the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria? It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a double layer in the plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a double layer in the plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of cellulose.

It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.

Which statement is NOT true about a retrovirus? It remains in the host cell genome, but is not replicated when host DNA is replicated. It contains reverse transcriptase. It has the capacity to integrate cDNA into the host DNA of the cell it infects. It may cause cancer or AIDS.

It remains in the host cell genome, but is not replicated when host DNA is replicated.

Who was the first person to suggest the existence of a virus, suspecting that it was the cause of rabies?

Louis Pasteur

Which of these best describe a chemoautotroph?

Organism able to synthesize organic molecules by using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and the oxidation of an inorganic substance (such as hydrogen sulfide) as the energy source.

Which statement is true about prokaryotes? They lack ribosomes. They do not divide by mitosis. They contain a nucleus. They usually lack a cell wall. They contain a long linear strand of DNA as the genetic material.

They do not divide by mitosis.

Which group of Archaea are chemoautotrophic anaerobes that will use hydrogen as an electron donor? Methanogens Thermoacidophiles Cyanobacteria Halophiles

Thermoacidophiles

Which of the following characteristics about saprotrophs is NOT true? They are ecologically important in recycling matter. They are bacteria that decompose large organic molecules. They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells. Saprotrophs are also called decomposers.

They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells.

All of the following are means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes EXCEPT conjugation. crossing over. transduction. transformation.

crossing over.

In order to infect a cell, a virus must have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell. inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface. produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell. actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus.

have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell.

The specialized cells found in some colonial cyanobacteria where nitrogen fixation occurs are called what?

heterocysts