BIO chapter 4

vacuoles

In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by __________. a. vacuoles b. peroxisomes c. ribosomes d. nuclei

a cell that makes steroid hormones

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? a. a cell that secretes enzymes b. a cell that destroys pathogens c. a cell that makes steroid hormones d. a cell that engages in photosynthesis

functions in the healing and growth of the tissue

Explain how the extracellular matrix functions

Some microbes are beneficial. For instance, E. coli bacteria help break down fiber in the diet.

Explain why not all microbes are harmful.

outside

Figure If a peripheral membrane protein were synthesized in the lumen (inside) of the ER, would it end up on the inside or outside of the plasma membrane?

Free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Figure If the nucleolus were not able to carry out its function, what other cellular organelles would be affected?

Substances can diffuse more quickly through small cells. Large cells build molecules that are more complex

Figure Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. What advantages might small cell size confer on a cell? What advantages might large cell size have?

diffusion

Prokaryotes depend on ________ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes. a. ribosomes b. flagella c. cell division d. diffusion

cell

The ________ is the basic unit of life. a. organism b. cell c. tissue d. organ

The cell wall would be targeted by antibiotics as well as the bacteria's ability to replicate. This would inhibit the bacteria's ability to reproduce

Antibiotics are medicines that are used to fight bacterial infections. These medicines kill prokaryotic cells without harming human cells. What part or parts of the bacterial cell do you think antibiotics target? Why?

adhere to cell surfaces

Bacteria that lack fimbriae are less likely to ________. a. adhere to cell surfaces b. swim through bodily fluids c. synthesize proteins d. retain the ability to divide

Cilia and flagella are alike in that they are made up of microtubules. Cilia are short, hair-like structures. Flagella, in contrast, are long, hair-like structures; when flagella are present, a cell has just one or two.

How do cilia and flagella differ?

Plasmodesmata, which a plant cell needs for transportation and communication, Gap junctions are necessary in animal cells for transportation and communication

How does the structure of a plasmodesma differ from that of a gap junction?

"Form follows function" refers to the idea that the function of a body part dictates the form of that body part. As an example, compare your arm to a bat's wing. While the bones of the two correspond, the parts serve different functions.

In the context of cell biology, what do we mean by form follows function? What are at least two examples of this concept?

A transmission electron microscope would be ideal for viewing the cell's internal structures, because many of the internal structures have membranes that are not visible by the light microscope.

In what situation(s) would a transmission electron microscope be ideal, and why?

A scanning electron microscope would be ideal when you want to view the minute details of a cell's surface, because its beam of electrons moves back and forth over the surface to convey the image

In what situation(s) would the use of a scanning electron microscope be ideal, and why?

A light microscope would be ideal when viewing a small living organism, especially when the cell has been stained to reveal details

In your everyday life, you have probably noticed that certain instruments are ideal for certain situations. For example, you would use a spoon rather than a fork to eat soup because a spoon is shaped for scooping, while soup would slip between the tines of a fork. The use of ideal instruments also applies in science. In what situation(s) would the use of a light microscope be ideal, and why?

Since the external surface of the nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is part of the endomembrane system, then it is correct

In your opinion, is the nuclear membrane part of the endomembrane system? Why or why not? Defend your answer.

produced during their oxidation reactions

Peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is: a. used in their detoxification reactions b. produced during their oxidation reactions c. incorporated into their membranes d. a cofactor for the organelles' enzymes

intermediate filaments

The key components of desmosomes are cadherins and __________. a. actin b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. microtubules

phagocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as: a. endosymbiosis b. phagocytosis c. hydrolysis d. membrane synthesis

light microscopes are that they are easily obtained, and the light beam does not kill the cells. However, they are limited in the amount of detail they can reveal. Electron microscopes are ideal because you can view intricate details, but they are bulky and costly, and preparation for the microscopic examination kills the specimen.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of these types of microscopes?

Centrioles and flagella are alike in that they are made up of microtubules. In centrioles, two rings are arranged at right angles to one another. This arrangement does not occur in flagella

What are the similarities and differences between the structures of centrioles and flagella?

Both are enveloped in a double membrane, and both make ATP. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA. Mitochondria can be found in both the animal and plant cell. Whereas, chloroplasts are only found in the plant cell.

What are the structural and functional similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

special stains

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use ________ to distinguish the individual components of cells. a. a beam of electrons b. radioactive isotopes c. special stains d. high temperatures

plasmodesmata

Which of the following are found only in plant cells? a. gap junctions b. desmosomes c. plasmodesmata d. tight junctions

only intermediate filaments

Which of the following do not play a role in intracellular movement?

microfilaments and microtubules

Which of the following have the ability to disassemble and reform quickly? a. microfilaments and intermediate filaments b. microfilaments and microtubules c. intermediate filaments and microtubules d. only intermediate filaments

ribosomes

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? a. nucleus b. mitochondrion c. vacuole d. ribosomes

mitochondrion

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? a. mitochondrion b. Golgi apparatus c. endoplasmic reticulum d. lysosome

the nucleoplasm

Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers? a. the ribosomes b. the vesicles c. the cytoplasm d. the nucleoplasm

synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle

Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a proteinaceous molecule within a cell? a. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the vesicle b. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; tagging in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum c. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle d. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; tagging in the endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes are abundant in muscle cells as well because muscle cells are constructed of the proteins made by the ribosomes.

You already know that ribosomes are abundant in red blood cells. In what other cells of the body would you find them in great abundance? Why?