Bio Chapter 40

If you are hiking though the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration?

A drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

Which of the following statements best describes the actions of the hormone ADH on the nephron?

ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehydration

Which of the following is a function of ADH

ADH triggers the insertion of water channel called aquaporins, thereby increasing the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct

Which is the most toxic?

Ammonia

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Bowmans capsule

The outer part of the kidney is the _____

Cortex

The movement of water from the lumen through proximal tubule is an example of _____.

Facilitated diffusion

What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpuscle?

Higher pressure in glomerular cappilaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule

Marine vertebrates are_____ to their environment

Hypotonic

The shark rectal galnd______.

Is involved in osmoregulation

What effect does antidiuretic hormone have on the nephrone?

It increases water permeability of the collecting duct

How might eating salty foods alter urine output?

It would cause more concentrated urine.

What is the correct order of flow of urine as it leaves the body?

Kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

If ethanol inhibits ADH release, which of the following is predicted?

Large amounts of dilute urine

A drug that inhibits the pumping of sodium and chloride ions out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle result in____.

Less water removed from the descending limb

Which structure in the mammalian kidney is responsible for maintaining the osmotic gradient in medulla of the kidney?

Loop of Henle

In which region of the nephron is a steep osmotic gradient created?

Loop of henle

What role does Na+/K+ -ATPase in salt excretion by the shark rectal gland?

Na+/K+-ATPase pumps sodium out and potassium into cells across the basolateral membrane

Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney?

Nephron

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____.

Proteins and nucleic acids

The ____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys

Renal arteries

What regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part?

Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule and loop of Henle

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow through the nephron?

Renal corpuscle-proximal tubule-loop of henle-distal tubule-collecting duct

Urine is formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before drained from the kidney by the _______ and transported to the ______.

Renal pelvis; urethra; urinary bladder

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is_____.

Seawater in a tidal pool

The movement of glucose from the lumen into the proximal tubule cells is an example of ______

Secondary active transport

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Selective reabsorption

If nicotine stimulates ADH release, which of the following is predicted?

Small amounts of concentrated urine

The force driving simple diffusion is_____, while the energy source for active transport is_____

The concentration gradient; ATP

Which of the following statements is true?

The kidneys are paired organs that regulate water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron

What is the function of osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for_____.

The precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

Urea is _____.

The primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in mammals?

The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney, and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys

Normal urine contains very little glucose. Diabetics have elevated glucose levels in their blood and urine. Which statement best explains the presence of glucose in the urine of diabetics?

The transport of glucose from the pre-urine within the proximal tubule back to the blood cannot occur at a rate fast enough to remove all of the glucose from the urine

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell?

There is a random movement of substances into and out of the cell

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that_____.

Urea is less toxic than ammonia

Compare and contrast the types of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals. identify which type can be excreted with the least water.

Uric acid

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water foil for its excretion?

Uric acid

Which type would you expect to be produced by embryos inside eggs laid on land?

Uric acid

In both terrestrial and marine animals_____.

Water tends to be lost in their environment