bio chapter 9 and 11
punnett square
a diagram for predicting the results of a genetic cross
tumor
abnormal growing mass of a body cell
recessive allele
allele that has a noticable effect on the organisms appearance
alleles
alternative form of a gene
carrier
an individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder
codominance
an individual would inherit 2 different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote
incomplete dominance
an individual would inherit phenotypes from 2 types of homozygotes
oncogene
cancer causing gene
leukemias
cancer formed in blood or bone marrow
lymphomas
cancer found in lypmh nodes
carcinomas
cancers that originate in the external or internal coverings of the body (skin)
sarcomas
cancers that originate in tissues that support the body. (muscle)
cancer cells
cells that divide excessivly and invade other tissues in the body
mendel's law of independent assortment
each pair of alleles assorts independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. the inheritance of one characteristic has no effect on the inheritance of another
pedigree
family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations
xx
female genes
sex-linked genes
gene located on a sex chromosome
theory of inheritance
genes are located at specific positions on chromosomes and that behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization account for inheritance patterns
linked genes
genes located close enough together on a chromosome to be usually inherited together
heterozygous
having 2 different alleles for a trait
homozygous
having 2 identical alleles for a trait
xy
male genes
linkage map
map of a chromosome showing the relative position of genes
testcross
mating between an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
inbreeding
mating of close relatives
monohybrid crosses
mating of individuals differing only in one trait
proto-oncogene
normal gene that can be converted into a cancer-causing gene
hybrid
offspring of 2 true-breeding individuals
f2 generation
offspring of f1 generation
f1 generation
offspring of p generation
phenotype
organisms expressed or physical traits
genotype
organisms genetic make up
p generation
parental
locus
particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome
cell cycle control system
proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle
upper case letter
represents dominant allele
lower case letter
represents recessive allele
true-breeding plant
self fertilization produces offspring that is identical to parent (pure bred)
mendel's principle of segregation
sperm or egg carries only 1 allele for each inherited characteristic because 2 members of an allele pair separate from each other during the production of gametes
polygenic inheritance
the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotyic characteristic
dominant allele
the allele that determines the organisms appearance
crossing over
the exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologous chromosomes
cross fertilization
the fusion of sperm and egg coming from two different plants (same type of plant) also called genetic cross
self fertilization
the fusion of sperm and egg that produced by same plant
pleiotrophy
the impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic
dihybrid cross
the mating of parental varieties differing in 2 characteristics
genetic recombinations
the production of gene combinations different from those carried by the parental chromosomes
rules of probability
the segregation of allele pairs and the re-forming of pairs during fertilization
chiasma
the x-shaped rexion that appears at the site of crossing over
wild-type trait
traits most commonly found in nature
malignant tumor
tumor that spreads throughout the body
benign tumor
tumor that stays where it originated
cancer
when a cell does not respond normally to the cell cycle control system
random fertilization
# of possibilities there are when an egg from one individual unites with a sperm from another individual
recombination frequency
% of recombinant offspring among the total. genes far apart = higher %, genes closer = lower %
process for cancer treatment
Surgery (slash) radiation therapy (burn) chemotherapy (poison)
