bio chapter 9 and 11

punnett square

a diagram for predicting the results of a genetic cross

tumor

abnormal growing mass of a body cell

recessive allele

allele that has a noticable effect on the organisms appearance

alleles

alternative form of a gene

carrier

an individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder

codominance

an individual would inherit 2 different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote

incomplete dominance

an individual would inherit phenotypes from 2 types of homozygotes

oncogene

cancer causing gene

leukemias

cancer formed in blood or bone marrow

lymphomas

cancer found in lypmh nodes

carcinomas

cancers that originate in the external or internal coverings of the body (skin)

sarcomas

cancers that originate in tissues that support the body. (muscle)

cancer cells

cells that divide excessivly and invade other tissues in the body

mendel's law of independent assortment

each pair of alleles assorts independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. the inheritance of one characteristic has no effect on the inheritance of another

pedigree

family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations

xx

female genes

sex-linked genes

gene located on a sex chromosome

theory of inheritance

genes are located at specific positions on chromosomes and that behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization account for inheritance patterns

linked genes

genes located close enough together on a chromosome to be usually inherited together

heterozygous

having 2 different alleles for a trait

homozygous

having 2 identical alleles for a trait

xy

male genes

linkage map

map of a chromosome showing the relative position of genes

testcross

mating between an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual

inbreeding

mating of close relatives

monohybrid crosses

mating of individuals differing only in one trait

proto-oncogene

normal gene that can be converted into a cancer-causing gene

hybrid

offspring of 2 true-breeding individuals

f2 generation

offspring of f1 generation

f1 generation

offspring of p generation

phenotype

organisms expressed or physical traits

genotype

organisms genetic make up

p generation

parental

locus

particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome

cell cycle control system

proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle

upper case letter

represents dominant allele

lower case letter

represents recessive allele

true-breeding plant

self fertilization produces offspring that is identical to parent (pure bred)

mendel's principle of segregation

sperm or egg carries only 1 allele for each inherited characteristic because 2 members of an allele pair separate from each other during the production of gametes

polygenic inheritance

the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotyic characteristic

dominant allele

the allele that determines the organisms appearance

crossing over

the exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologous chromosomes

cross fertilization

the fusion of sperm and egg coming from two different plants (same type of plant) also called genetic cross

self fertilization

the fusion of sperm and egg that produced by same plant

pleiotrophy

the impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic

dihybrid cross

the mating of parental varieties differing in 2 characteristics

genetic recombinations

the production of gene combinations different from those carried by the parental chromosomes

rules of probability

the segregation of allele pairs and the re-forming of pairs during fertilization

chiasma

the x-shaped rexion that appears at the site of crossing over

wild-type trait

traits most commonly found in nature

malignant tumor

tumor that spreads throughout the body

benign tumor

tumor that stays where it originated

cancer

when a cell does not respond normally to the cell cycle control system

random fertilization

# of possibilities there are when an egg from one individual unites with a sperm from another individual

recombination frequency

% of recombinant offspring among the total. genes far apart = higher %, genes closer = lower %

process for cancer treatment

Surgery (slash) radiation therapy (burn) chemotherapy (poison)