Bio- diet

water and fat-soluble

Caffeine is _____________________________, meaning it is rapidly absorbed by the bloodstream and able to cross the plasma membrane of body cells.

coffee and cocoa plants

Caffeine is a natural chemical produced by ___________________________________________.

psychoactive drug

Caffeine is considered to be a(n) _______________ __________ because it has the ability to cross into the brain.

active site; active site

Enzymes contain a(n) __________ _______(s) that is formed to fit a specific type of substrate(s). Enzymes are regulated by conditions that change the shape of their _________ _____________(s), meaning that they function best at a specific temperature and pH.

lowering

Enzymes function by ____________ the activation energy required for the reaction to take place.

cycling; flow

It is actually the ____________ of molecules between chloroplasts and mitochondria that allows a _________ of energy from the sun through all living things.

purple bacteria

Mitochondria appear to have been derived from _____________ ___________

monomers; polymers

Most organic molecules are composed of smaller subunits called _____________. These monomers join together to form long ______________.

allow materials to enter or exit the cell and require energy to do so

Pinocytosis; phagocytosis; endocytosis; receptor-mediated endocytosis; the sodium-potassium pump; exocytosis

ATP

The mitochondria of cells today were once a type of bacteria that was able to produce energy in the form of _______.

dietary supplements

energy drinks are classified as _____________ ____________, not as foods.

Folic acid; tyrosine; taurine; niacin; malic acid

5-hour energy ingredients that interact with metabolic pathways in the cell

off; on

By changing the pH between the stomach and small intestine, it is possible to turn pepsin ______ and turn trypsin ________.

monomers; polymers; monosaccharides; immediate energy

Carbohydrates exist as either individual units called ______________ or _____________, long chains of monomers bonded together. Single monomers are called ___________________ and include glucose. These types of molecules are typically used for _______________ ____________ or, in the case of RNA and DNA, for storage of genetic information.

solar energy; cycling

Chloroplasts are organelles that capture ___________ ___________ and use it to convert water and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. Notice that the by-products of one process are used as the reactants for the other process. This is referred to as the cycling of molecules.

nucleus

Contains the genetic information of the cell

lyssosome

Digests incoming nutrients and worn out cell parts

are not

Energy drinks ____ ______ regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

do not; do

Energy drinks ____ ________ provide energy in the form of carbohydrates. They _____ provide energy by interacting with the metabolic pathways that provide energy.

increase

Energy drinks are beverages that claim to _______________ energy levels and mental awareness.

energy-investment; energy-harvesting

Glycolysis can be divided into two steps, the __________________________ step, when ATP is used to begin the reaction, and the _______________________ step, when both ATP and NADH are produced.

mitochondria; cytoplasm

Glycolysis occurs outside of _______________ and within the ________________ of the cell.

polysaccharides; starch; long

Groups of three or more monomers are called _________________ and include ___________. These types of molecules are typically used for ___________-term storage and for structural support.

disaccharides; maltose

Groups of two monomers are called ____________ and include _________.

ATP; oxygen; water

Mitochondria are organelles that complete the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce energy that is used to build _______________ molecules. This process requires _______________ and carbohydrates, and produces carbon dioxide and __________.

cristae

Mitochondria have a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded into ___________, which increase the surface area for metabolic reactions.

oxygen; glucose

Mitochondria use ____________ gas and ____________ from the food we eat to produce the energy of the cell.

Electron transport chain outputs

NAD+; FAD; ATP; H2O; H+; 2H+

Electron transport chain inputs

NADH; FADH2; ADP; P

substrate

Once the _____________(s) binds to the enzyme, a reaction takes place products(s) are formed.

energy; sun

Photosynthetic bacteria use pigments embedded in their membranes to derive ___________ from the _________.

ATP molecules

Since energy is invested during glycolysis, there is only a net gain of two __________ ____________ at the completion of this process.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

oxygen; glucose; carbon dioxide

The ____________ gas is used to completely break down the carbon to carbon bonds in the _____________ molecule. This releases _______________ _____________ gas as a by-product.

glycolysis; pyruvate

The first stage of cellular respiration is called ___________ and results in glucose being broken down into two _______________ molecules.

matrix

The surrounding open spaces within this folded inner membrane is called the ____________.

enter; outside

Very large substances can __________ the cell by endocytosis. During this process, the plasma membrane surrounds the substance and then fused with the outside of the cell and opens into the cell to remove the substance.

hydrolysis

When enzymes break polymers, the reaction is called a ______________ reaction and water is broken and used in the reaction.

dehydration synthesis

When enzymes link monomers together, the reaction is called a _______________ ____________ reaction and water is made as a byproduct.

endosymbiont

a microorganism that lives within another cell, performing specific functions for its host

large intestine

absorbs water and salt to form feces

mouth

breaks up food by mechanical digestion and starts mechanical digestion

decreases; increases

caffeine _____________ reaction time and _____________ the brain's ability to coordinate muscles.

defensive

caffeine produced as a ______________ mechanism to prevent herbivory by animals and insects.

photosynthetic bacteria

chloroplasts appear to have been derived from _____________ _________

phospholipids

composed of 2 fatty acid hydrophobic tails and a glycerol phosphate hydrophilic head. make up the membrane.

cholesterol

contain no fatty acids; composed of a carbon skeleton of four fused rings; provide flexibility to the plasma membrane.

pancreas

contains digestive enzymes; produces insulin

Mitochondria

converts energy found in nutrients to energy that is usable by the cell

chemical energy

energy from the bond in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

solar energy

energy from the sun; source of energy for nearly all life on earth

triglycerides

function as long-term energy storage; composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

exocytosis; vesicle; open

large substances can leave the cell by _____________. At this stage, the substances will be inside a(n) ____________. This will fuse with the membrane on the inside and ________, allowing the substance out of the cell.

small intestine

major organ of digestion and absorption.

ribosomes

manufactures proteins

stomach

mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrients

Diffusion

movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration; no energy is required; the way oxygen moves across a membrane

osmosis

no energy is required; passive movement of water; movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration

facilitated transport

no energy is required; the way glucose moves across a membrane; require protein carriers; movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration

esophagus

passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach.

Golgi apparatus

processes and packages proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

liver

processes and stores nutrients

gallbladder

stores bile from liver

Mechanical energy

the energy of the position or the position of the object before it moves; includes kinetic and potential energy

pepsin; trypsin

within the digestive system, _________ is an enzyme that functions in the stomach, which has a pH of 2.0. In contrast _____________ is an enzyme that functions in the small intestine, which has a pH of 7.35.