Bio- diet
water and fat-soluble
Caffeine is _____________________________, meaning it is rapidly absorbed by the bloodstream and able to cross the plasma membrane of body cells.
coffee and cocoa plants
Caffeine is a natural chemical produced by ___________________________________________.
psychoactive drug
Caffeine is considered to be a(n) _______________ __________ because it has the ability to cross into the brain.
active site; active site
Enzymes contain a(n) __________ _______(s) that is formed to fit a specific type of substrate(s). Enzymes are regulated by conditions that change the shape of their _________ _____________(s), meaning that they function best at a specific temperature and pH.
lowering
Enzymes function by ____________ the activation energy required for the reaction to take place.
cycling; flow
It is actually the ____________ of molecules between chloroplasts and mitochondria that allows a _________ of energy from the sun through all living things.
purple bacteria
Mitochondria appear to have been derived from _____________ ___________
monomers; polymers
Most organic molecules are composed of smaller subunits called _____________. These monomers join together to form long ______________.
allow materials to enter or exit the cell and require energy to do so
Pinocytosis; phagocytosis; endocytosis; receptor-mediated endocytosis; the sodium-potassium pump; exocytosis
ATP
The mitochondria of cells today were once a type of bacteria that was able to produce energy in the form of _______.
dietary supplements
energy drinks are classified as _____________ ____________, not as foods.
Folic acid; tyrosine; taurine; niacin; malic acid
5-hour energy ingredients that interact with metabolic pathways in the cell
off; on
By changing the pH between the stomach and small intestine, it is possible to turn pepsin ______ and turn trypsin ________.
monomers; polymers; monosaccharides; immediate energy
Carbohydrates exist as either individual units called ______________ or _____________, long chains of monomers bonded together. Single monomers are called ___________________ and include glucose. These types of molecules are typically used for _______________ ____________ or, in the case of RNA and DNA, for storage of genetic information.
solar energy; cycling
Chloroplasts are organelles that capture ___________ ___________ and use it to convert water and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. Notice that the by-products of one process are used as the reactants for the other process. This is referred to as the cycling of molecules.
nucleus
Contains the genetic information of the cell
lyssosome
Digests incoming nutrients and worn out cell parts
are not
Energy drinks ____ ______ regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
do not; do
Energy drinks ____ ________ provide energy in the form of carbohydrates. They _____ provide energy by interacting with the metabolic pathways that provide energy.
increase
Energy drinks are beverages that claim to _______________ energy levels and mental awareness.
energy-investment; energy-harvesting
Glycolysis can be divided into two steps, the __________________________ step, when ATP is used to begin the reaction, and the _______________________ step, when both ATP and NADH are produced.
mitochondria; cytoplasm
Glycolysis occurs outside of _______________ and within the ________________ of the cell.
polysaccharides; starch; long
Groups of three or more monomers are called _________________ and include ___________. These types of molecules are typically used for ___________-term storage and for structural support.
disaccharides; maltose
Groups of two monomers are called ____________ and include _________.
ATP; oxygen; water
Mitochondria are organelles that complete the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce energy that is used to build _______________ molecules. This process requires _______________ and carbohydrates, and produces carbon dioxide and __________.
cristae
Mitochondria have a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded into ___________, which increase the surface area for metabolic reactions.
oxygen; glucose
Mitochondria use ____________ gas and ____________ from the food we eat to produce the energy of the cell.
Electron transport chain outputs
NAD+; FAD; ATP; H2O; H+; 2H+
Electron transport chain inputs
NADH; FADH2; ADP; P
substrate
Once the _____________(s) binds to the enzyme, a reaction takes place products(s) are formed.
energy; sun
Photosynthetic bacteria use pigments embedded in their membranes to derive ___________ from the _________.
ATP molecules
Since energy is invested during glycolysis, there is only a net gain of two __________ ____________ at the completion of this process.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesizes proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
oxygen; glucose; carbon dioxide
The ____________ gas is used to completely break down the carbon to carbon bonds in the _____________ molecule. This releases _______________ _____________ gas as a by-product.
glycolysis; pyruvate
The first stage of cellular respiration is called ___________ and results in glucose being broken down into two _______________ molecules.
matrix
The surrounding open spaces within this folded inner membrane is called the ____________.
enter; outside
Very large substances can __________ the cell by endocytosis. During this process, the plasma membrane surrounds the substance and then fused with the outside of the cell and opens into the cell to remove the substance.
hydrolysis
When enzymes break polymers, the reaction is called a ______________ reaction and water is broken and used in the reaction.
dehydration synthesis
When enzymes link monomers together, the reaction is called a _______________ ____________ reaction and water is made as a byproduct.
endosymbiont
a microorganism that lives within another cell, performing specific functions for its host
large intestine
absorbs water and salt to form feces
mouth
breaks up food by mechanical digestion and starts mechanical digestion
decreases; increases
caffeine _____________ reaction time and _____________ the brain's ability to coordinate muscles.
defensive
caffeine produced as a ______________ mechanism to prevent herbivory by animals and insects.
photosynthetic bacteria
chloroplasts appear to have been derived from _____________ _________
phospholipids
composed of 2 fatty acid hydrophobic tails and a glycerol phosphate hydrophilic head. make up the membrane.
cholesterol
contain no fatty acids; composed of a carbon skeleton of four fused rings; provide flexibility to the plasma membrane.
pancreas
contains digestive enzymes; produces insulin
Mitochondria
converts energy found in nutrients to energy that is usable by the cell
chemical energy
energy from the bond in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
solar energy
energy from the sun; source of energy for nearly all life on earth
triglycerides
function as long-term energy storage; composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
exocytosis; vesicle; open
large substances can leave the cell by _____________. At this stage, the substances will be inside a(n) ____________. This will fuse with the membrane on the inside and ________, allowing the substance out of the cell.
small intestine
major organ of digestion and absorption.
ribosomes
manufactures proteins
stomach
mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrients
Diffusion
movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration; no energy is required; the way oxygen moves across a membrane
osmosis
no energy is required; passive movement of water; movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
facilitated transport
no energy is required; the way glucose moves across a membrane; require protein carriers; movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
esophagus
passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach.
Golgi apparatus
processes and packages proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
liver
processes and stores nutrients
gallbladder
stores bile from liver
Mechanical energy
the energy of the position or the position of the object before it moves; includes kinetic and potential energy
pepsin; trypsin
within the digestive system, _________ is an enzyme that functions in the stomach, which has a pH of 2.0. In contrast _____________ is an enzyme that functions in the small intestine, which has a pH of 7.35.