Bio Exam 1

Which is the best description of cancer?

A disease that begins in a single cell or group of cells that can spread to tissues and organs, disrupting the normal function of body structures.

Which of the following is not correct regarding tumor-suppressor genes?

A mutation in just one gene causes cancer.

Which of the following describes how physicians stage a patient diagnosed with breast cancer? The staging of breast cancer is the same method used for all other cancer types. There is no variation. A numerical staging system describes the degree to which cancer has spread. Staging helps describe where cancer has spread and whether it is affecting other parts of the body. The lower the cancer stage of breast cancer, the more severe the form of cancer. Staging helps describe where a cancer is located.

A numerical staging system describes the degree to which cancer has spread. Staging helps describe where cancer has spread and whether it is affecting other parts of the body. Staging helps describe where a cancer is located.

How would you summarize the cell cycle?

A series of events during which a cell prepares for cell division and then divides, which is regulated by three checkpoints.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding cancer? Cancer cells can affect the physiology of the body's organ systems. Cancer is a disease that is the result of an inability to regulate cell division. One in three females and one in two males will develop cancer in their lives. All of these are correct about cancer.

All are correct

Immunotherapy (select all that apply) enhances your own immune system's ability to target cancer cells causes your immune system to recognize cancer cells as "non-self" can work in conjunction with other therapies All of these answers are correct

All of the above

Which of the following correctly describes the process of angiogenesis? Promotes the growth of local capillaries to grow toward the tumor Causes normal cells to release chemical signals to promote blood vessels to cancer cells Allows for oxygen to reach the tumor Allows for nutrients to reach the tumor

Allows for oxygen to reach the tumor Allows for nutrients to reach the tumor Promotes the growth of local capillaries to grow toward the tumor

The sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes that begin to move toward the poles of the cell

Anaphase

New technology that allows the cutting, splicing and editing of genes to repair mutation is called

CRISPR

Which of the following procedures use X-rays to detect the presence of cancer? Select all that apply. PET scan CT scan MRI scan Mammogram

CT scan & Mammogram

__________________ starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.

Cancer

____________ is a disease that begins with changes in the body at the ____________ level due to abnormal cells dividing in a disorderly manner

Cancer; cellular

_____________________ carry nutrients and oxygen to cells and also remove waste materials.

Capillaries

Cancer is a disease that occurs at the __________Blank level of biological organization of living things.

Cellular

What PLANT cell structure holds water and nutrients and is not present in an ANIMAL cell?

Central Vacuole

What are the 3 structures that are found in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell?

Chloroplasts, Cell Wall, Central Vacuole

The entire cell physically divides into two daughter cells

Cytokinesis

Which of the following is/are true about cancer cells? Disregard their genetic programming Receive the correct signals for cell growth Lose their specialization Divide uncontrollably Undergo programmed cell death if there is a mutation

Disregard their genetic programming Lose their specialization Divide uncontrollably

Which is the best explanation of how the activity of a cell is controlled?

Each of our body cells carries out instructions that are encoded in a sequence of bases in its DNA.

_______________________________________ are responsible for removing excess fluid from the tissues and participate in the ___________________________

Lymphatic vessels; immune response

In what phase of mitosis would a cell be "stuck" if taxane chemotherapy drugs were used against a cancer?

Metaphase

The mitotic spindle aligns the replicated chromosomes at the center of the cell

Metaphase

Cancer cells may develop the ability to migrate to other parts of the body and undergo the process of angiogenesis and form new tumors. This process is called __________ and represents a serious threat to the body.

Metastasis

What structure in the ANIMAL cell is associated with energy processing (metabolism)?

Mitochondria

Which organelles convert glucose (sugar) and oxygen into usable energy for the cell?

Mitochondria

Which of the following is the end result of a PCR process?

Multiple copies of a gene of interest

HeLa cells were used for testing the vaccine that was developed to inoculate people against which disease?

Polio

Replicated chromosomes condense and attach to the mitotic spindle

Prophase

Which molecules below make up the structure of a chromosome? (select all that apply) proteins RNA ribosomes Correct! DNA phospholipids

Proteins & DNA

Single-celled organisms are found in which classification group(s) below?

Protista

Name one organelle that is NOT bound by a membrane.

Ribosomes

What three characteristics do all living organisms share in common?

Ribosomes, Genetic Material, Cell membranes

The copying (replication) of DNA occurs during which stage of the cell cycle?

S of interphase

During which stage of the cell cycle will a single chromatid replicate?

S phase

At which of the following checkpoints is a cell's DNA checked for damage, and if found, the cell is sent to the G0 phase?

G1

The replication of the genetic material occurs following a successful passage of which checkpoint?

G1

Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins for transport within or secretion out of a cell?

Golgi Apparatus

Which of the proteins below is expressed by a proto-oncogene?

HER-2

Which of the following terms means the ability of the body to operate under a set of defined internal conditions?

Homeostasis

Two, cancer cells appear __________in shape, and the nuclei of cancer cells are distinctly different from normal cells. The large, dark nuclei of cancer cells are due to the accumulation of _____________

irregular; DNA

When the genetic programming of a small group of cells becomes faulty, the cells start to __________ their specialization

lose

As more mutations accumulate in a cell, there is a ____________ of functions, and they no longer function as a part of surrounding tissue

loss

What molecule helps to move the genetic information from the nucleus of the cell to the ribosome?

mRNA

If a _______________ tumor comes into contact with the transport system of the body, this allows for the movement of cancer cells from one area of the body to other locations in the body. The spreading of cancer cells to new areas in the body is called __________________________

malignant; metastasis

Which structures below are NOT found in a prokaryotic cell? (multiple answers) DNA cell wall nucleus plasma membrane ribosomes membrane-bound organelles

membrane-bound organelles & nucleus

During ______ a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form ___________ identical daughter cells

mitosis; two

As a cell divides, combinations of genetic instructions are turned on and off based on signals from nearby cells and the environment. As a result, cells become

more specialized

For ________________ organisms, the single cell will undergo rapid ___________________________ and divide over and over again until it becomes an adult body.

multicellular; cell division

Two things happen when a cell develops cancer: first, a cell rapidly divides because of changes to its genetic programming. How would you explain the second?

mutations in the genes that regulate the cell cycle allow the cell to continue to divide uncontrollably.

The information for producing a protein is contained within which part of the DNA molecule?

nitrogen containing bases

The monomers that form the long strands of DNA are called

nucleotides

What structure houses the genetic material in both ANIMAL and PLANT cells?

nucleus

After a general physician makes the initial diagnosis of cancer, the actual staging of cancer is done by an ________________

oncologist

All life begins as ________ cell

one

Before replication, each chromosome consists of

one double-stranded molecule of DNA

The process of cell division is a highly ______________ series of events that produces cells that are genetically ______________ to each other

organized; identical

As the cells divide, these replicates of the original cell will receive signals from the environment and turn on ___________________ pathways that instruct the cells to turn on certain sets of genetic instructions and turn off others.

physiological

The structure that controls the passage of materials in and out of the ANIMAL cell is:

plasma membrane

The same structure in plant and animal cells reads the information from a molecule of RNA to make proteins. What is that structure?

ribosome

In doing so, the cells become ____________, which allows tissues and organs to form and have specific roles within the body.

specialized

Angiogenesis is:

the growth of blood vessels in response to a growing tumor

The terms diploid and haploid are used to describe what aspect of a cell?

the number of chromosomes in the cell

A cell can be characterized as the smallest level of biological organization that has all the characteristics of life. either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. a small, biological unit. a living, breathing organism.

the smallest level of biological organization that has all the characteristics of life. either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. a small, biological unit.

Both capillaries and lymphatic vessels are part of the _____________ system of the body

transport

Failing to respond to the signals that control normal cell behavior and growth, cancer cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner, invading normal tissues and organs and eventually spreading throughout the body. True or False?

true

With no genetic control, the cells start to divide ___________ and the cells undergo more rounds of division than they normally would, making cells prone to replication errors.

uncontrollably

The cell cycle is regulated by a series of checkpoints that verify that DNA is replicated successfully. correct control if a cell will divide, delay division, or enter a resting stage. incorrect verify that DNA is condensed well enough to be accommodated by the nucleus. verify the successful distribution of chromosomes.

verify that DNA is replicated successfully. control if a cell will divide, delay division, or enter a resting stage. verify the successful distribution of chromosomes.

Which of these accurately describes a part of the process that creates specialized cells? The environment signals cells to turn off some sets of genetic instructions and turn on other sets. incorrect Cells are predetermined to become specialized for a specific purpose. incorrect Dividing cells are influenced by nearby cells to turn on some genes and turn off others. incorrect A cell receives genetic information from nearby cells during each successive division.

The environment signals cells to turn off some sets of genetic instructions and turn on other sets. Dividing cells are influenced by nearby cells to turn on some genes and turn off others.

For cells to become _____________, cells have to undergo changes that make them different from other cells of the body.

cancerous

If a cell bypasses these regulations, the cell may not be able to stop continuously dividing and it is on its way to becoming ______________

cancerous

One, cancerous cells accumulate mutations that ignore the regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle and ____________ instruct them to stop dividing and to die. Therefore, cancer cells do not have a ____________ lifespan

cannot; fixed

Each ________ operates a biological factory and is specialized to carry out a _____________ set of instructions

cell; specific

The _______________________________ is responsible for holding _______________________ together.

centromere, sister chromatids

Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of ________________ to ensure that each new daughter cell contains the same genetic information.

checkpoints

Based on your observations of the elodea leaf, what structure is the arrow pointing to?

chloroplast

At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must __________

contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell.

Radiation therapy uses gamma rays and x-rays to

damage DNA within cells in targeted locations of the body

Which of the following help to explain how changes to the cell cycle can lead to cancer?

genes that control the cell cycle genetic mutations

In order for cancer to develop, which of the following events must occur? A cell malfunctions and unregulated cell division occurs genetic material was copied without errors. cell division is regulated a cell malfunction and apoptosis is triggered genetic mutation causes a cell to lose its normal genetic programming and control mechanisms

genetic mutation causes a cell to lose its normal genetic programming and control mechanisms A cell malfunctions and unregulated cell division occurs

As the number of cancer cells ________________ they may spread and invade nearby tissues and organs, disrupting their physiological processes and their ability to survive.

increases

These cancer cells will undergo _______________ and form new tumors in a different location

angiogenesis

What are some of the ways that HeLa cells have been used (select all that apply)? They were the first human cells to be cloned and maintained in lab culture They were sent into outer space They were used to develop anti-cancer drugs They were cloned to produce human babies

They were the first human cells to be cloned and maintained in lab culture They were sent into outer space They were used to develop anti-cancer drugs

Which of the following are correct regarding malignant tumors? Select all that apply. Their cells closely resemble other cells in the tissue. They may undergo metastasis. They invade surrounding tissues. They are masses of unspecialized cells.

They may undergo metastasis. They invade surrounding tissues. They are masses of unspecialized cells.

Do Elodea and other plant cells have mitochondria? Why or why not?

Yes, chloroplasts capture the sun's energy for photosynthesis to occur, and mitochondria process the results of photosynthesis into usable energy.

________________ breast cancer refers to cancer that has ________________ beyond the breast tissue and nearby lymph nodes and into other areas of the body.

Stage 4; metastasized

Which of the following are used to determine the stage of cancer?

Staging

__________________ is the process of finding out how much cancer is in a person's body and where it's located.

Staging

As new chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromatin condenses

Telophase

Which is the best explanation of how the activities of a cell are controlled?

The activities of a cell are under the control of the cell's DNA, which contains the instructions for the cell.

When a chromosome consists of two identical chromatids held together with a centromere, we can assume

The cell cycle is in Interphase and has completed the S phase

Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated?

The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.

Cancers are named based on which of the following?

The types of tissues or organs they originate in

Describe the distribution of the chloroplasts within a normal Elodea leaf cell - where are they found within the cell?

They are pushed to the sides of the cell wall

Consider this scenario: A cell about to go through mitosis has a chromosome number of 2n = 6. How many chromosomes came from each parent?

Three

How many chromosomes were in the parent cell that produced these daughter cells when it was in G2?

Three pairs of replicated chromosomes

What is the purpose of mitosis?

To divide the cell's DNA and nucleus in preparation for cell division

What is the purpose of mitosis?

To divide the cell's nuclear contents prior to cytokinesis and the creation of two new identical cells.

Which term describes an overgrowth of abnormal cells that serves no useful purpose?

Tumor

What might a blood test for cancer look for? A. Elevated number of white cells b. Tumor cells in blood c. High cholesterol levels d. Low Cholesterol

Tumor Cells in blood and Elevated # of white cells

To determine the stage of cancer, the oncologist will answer the following questions using a variety of methods:

What is the size of the tumor What is the degree to which it has invaded nearby tissues is the cancer present in nearby lymph nodes to what extent has the cancer metastasized to the other organs of the body